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    Bioactivity of etoh and meoh extracts of basidiomycetes mushroom (stereum hirsutum) on atherosclerosis
    (Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, 2021) Sevindik, M.; Ozdemir, B.; Bal, C.; Selamoglu, Z.
    Mushrooms are cosmopolitan organisms living on different substrates and have different pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects thanks to many bioactive compounds. Edible and medicinal higher fungi have been used by humankind for millennia. They are collected and used directly not only for their nutritional values as a main source of food or as a part of a regular diet but also for their medicinal purpose as a source of powerful new bioactive compounds. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory functions and therefore lipid-lowering effects correlate with antiatherogenic effects. This study determined the total antioxidant capacity (TAS), total oxidant capacity (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity, and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers. Moreover, the effects on atherosclerosis are discussed according to the antioxidant activity of the mushroom. The TAS, TOS, and OSI values of S. hirsutum were determined using Rel Assay kits. According to the results, the TAS, TOS, and OSI values were determined at 5.289±0.113 mmol/L, 20.540±0.416 ?mol/L, and 0.389±0.012. Furthermore, free radical scavenging activity was determined by the DPPH method. The ethanol (EtOH) extracts of S. hirsutum showed higher DPPH activity than methanol extracts. The EtOH extracts at a concentration of 2 mg/mL showed a DPPH inhibition of 45.84±0.81%. Antimicrobial activities were tested on 9 standard bacterial and fungal strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Candida albicans, C. krusei, and C. glabrata using a modified agar dilution method. Extracts showed high activity against S. aureus, S. aureus MRSA, and A.baumannii. In conclusion, it was suggested that S. hirsutum can be used as a natural source related to the effects on atherosclerosis due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. © 2021 Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. All rights reserved.
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    Comparison of Biochemical Parameters in Patients with Hepatitis B, C, and Dual Hepatitis B and C in Northwest Pakistan
    (Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, 2022) Khan, S.; Alam, M.; Rauf, Z.; Noreen, R.; Shah, K.; Khan, A.; Ozdemir, B.
    The leading causes of hepatitis are viral infections, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV). Millions of people have been infected with these deadly viral infections worldwide, and in Pakistan, every tenth person is infected with these viruses. Different populations respond with different rates to infectious diseases due to host genomic differences. To evaluate and compare the biochemical parameters in different types of hepatitis (Hepatitis B, C, and Co-infection) and different ethnic groups, a total of 200 pre-screened patients were recruited from District Headquarters Teaching Hospital Dera Ismail Khan and Tank. Blood samples (5ml) were taken from patients and were assayed for biochemical parameters, including four liver function tests (LFTs) and two renal function tests (RFTs). In 200 patients, the mean scores of Alanine transaminase (ALT) were 376±335, 315±265, and 478±519 IU/L in HBV, HCV, and co-infected patients, respectively. Moreover, the mean score of ALT was 31±7.2 IU/l in the normal control group. All other biochemical parameters demonstrated elevated levels in co-infection, HBV, and HCV, respectively, except total proteins. The RFTs showed a threshold or upper normal limit (UNL); nonetheless, when compared to normal control subjects, RFTs parameters were high in infected patients, as compared to normal control. Ethnicity wise comparison of parameters indicated that Pushtoon ethnic group indicated a high degree of severity of HBV infection and co-infection, as compared to Saraiki and Rajpoot ethnic groups, while Saraiki ethnic group showed a higher severity of HCV than both of Pushtoon and Rajpoot. Rajpoot ethnic group was least affected than both Pushtoon and Saraiki ethnic groups. Co-infected patients were more severely affected, as compared to HBV and HCV patients. The ethnicity-wise study provided evidence that different ethnic groups showed different degrees of severity. There may be some genetic background involved in hepatitis B and C viral infection due to which all three ethnic groups showed different degrees of severity. In gender-wise comparisons, male patients were more affected than female patients Copyright © 2022 by Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute
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    Correlation of c-reactive protein and serum iron levels with syntax score
    (Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, 2020) Ozdemir, B.
    Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein rising in response to inflammation. Serum iron (Fe) is one of the essential metals for the human body. Inflammation and infection are characterized by changes in Fe metabolism. Since atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process, changes in CRP and serum Fe levels are expected. However, the distribution of the disease in the coronary arteries is important for mortality and morbidity. The distribution of the disease can be determined by the syntax score. This study included 407 patients with a mean age of 56.4±10.7 years. The majority of the patients were male (51.4%). In this study, 53 and 354 patients had critical and no critical lesions, respectively. According to the baseline coronary angiograms, the syntax score was calculated in all patients. The laboratory variables, including hemoglobin levels, blood glucose, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, Fe, and CRP were also evaluated in this study. Regarding the laboratory parameters of all groups, the mean CRP levels, Fe levels, and syntax score were estimated at 0.75±1.8 mg/dl, 80.4±27.5 mg/dl, and 1.5±4.8, respectively. Furthermore, a high syntax score correlated with Fe and CRP levels. Based on the findings of the present study, elevated serum Fe and CRP concentrations were associated with increased syntax score and atherosclerosis severity. © 2020 Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. All rights reserved.