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    Developing future heat-resilient vegetable crops
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Saeed, Faisal; Chaudhry, Usman Khalid; Raza, Ali; Charagh, Sidra; Bakhsh, Allah; Bohra, Abhishek; Ali, Sumbul
    Climate change seriously impacts global agriculture, with rising temperatures directly affecting the yield. Vegetables are an essential part of daily human consumption and thus have importance among all agricultural crops. The human population is increasing daily, so there is a need for alternative ways which can be helpful in maximizing the harvestable yield of vegetables. The increase in temperature directly affects the plants' biochemical and molecular processes; having a significant impact on quality and yield. Breeding for climate-resilient crops with good yields takes a long time and lots of breeding efforts. However, with the advent of new omics technologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, the efficiency and efficacy of unearthing information on pathways associated with high-temperature stress resilience has improved in many of the vegetable crops. Besides omics, the use of genomics-assisted breeding and new breeding approaches such as gene editing and speed breeding allow creation of modern vegetable cultivars that are more resilient to high temperatures. Collectively, these approaches will shorten the time to create and release novel vegetable varieties to meet growing demands for productivity and quality. This review discusses the effects of heat stress on vegetables and highlights recent research with a focus on how omics and genome editing can produce temperature-resilient vegetables more efficiently and faster.
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    Gene regulation in halophytes in conferring salt tolerance
    (Elsevier, 2020) Hafeez, Muhammad Bilal; Raza, Ali; Zahra, Noreen; Shaukat, Kanval; Akram, Muhammad Zubair; Iqbal, Shahid; Basra, Shahzad Maqsood Ahmed
    Salinity is one of the significant stresses that affect all the metabolic and physiological aspects of all the plants, and on this consistency, some genes are upregulated, and some are downregulated to confer salt stress. In this aspect, halophytes are enriched with all the essential machinery to overcome salt stress by switching genetic pathways that inhibits the entry of toxic ions (Na+ ions and Cl- ions), or by compartmentalization of these ions in subcellular organelles, which not only protect the plants at germination stage but also provide protecting shield at growth and developmental level. Na+ flux entered from roots to leaves, and it enters at cellular level accomplished via KUP/HAK/KT, KT, HKT1, AKTI, and NSCCs (nonspecific cation channels) transporters. Available literature indicates that at germination stage, Cdc2-related protein, Vp1 and MIP proteins (proteins of aquaporins) related to transcripts, and DOG1, AB15, and RGL2 genes are upregulated in halophytes. Besides, at developmental stages glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (SvGRP1 and SvGRP2), APX (ascorbate peroxidase) gene, TsApx6 is switched on to overcome salinity stress. In this content, cytoplasmic damage is controlled by the upregulation of genes involved in ionic compartmentalization such as NHX, CLC, and AQP. Furthermore, SOS, HA1, NHX, VAMP, CLC, PIP, SOS1, PIP (aquaporin involved in salt secretion), and TIP genes are upregulated for salt secretion; a specific attribute is only related to halophytes. Moreover, for intragenic recycling roots hydrophobic barriers genes cytochrome P450 (involved in the hydrophobic root barrier) SOS1 and AoCYP86B1 are switched on. The damaging effect of salt can be at least, and partially reversed by the expression of these genes in glycophytes and other halophytes. These findings have enormous implications for growing halophytes and glycophytes in the areas where salinity is a major limiting factor for plant growth and development. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Melatonin-mediated temperature stress tolerance in plants
    (Taylor & Francis As, 2022) Raza, Ali; Charagh, Sidra; Garcia-Caparros, Pedro; Rahman, Md Atikur; Ogwugwa, Vincent H.; Saeed, Faisal; Jin, Wanmei
    Global climate changes cause extreme temperatures and a significant reduction in crop production, leading to food insecurity worldwide. Temperature extremes (including both heat and cold stresses) is one of the most limiting factors in plant growth and development and severely affect plant physiology, biochemical, and molecular processes. Biostimulants like melatonin (MET) have a multifunctional role that acts as a defense molecule to safeguard plants against the noxious effects of temperature stress. MET treatment improves plant growth and temperature tolerance by improving several defense mechanisms. Current research also suggests that MET interacts with other molecules, like phytohormones and gaseous molecules, which greatly supports plant adaptation to temperature stress. Genetic engineering via overexpression or CRISPR/Cas system of MET biosynthetic genes uplifts the MET levels in transgenic plants and enhances temperature stress tolerance. This review highlights the critical role of MET in plant production and tolerance against temperature stress. We have documented how MET interacts with other molecules to alleviate temperature stress. MET-mediated molecular breeding would be great potential in helping the adverse effects of temperature stress by creating transgenic plants.
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    Moving Beyond DNA Sequence to Improve Plant Stress Responses
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Saeed, Faisal; Chaudhry, Usman Khalid; Bakhsh, Allah; Raza, Ali; Saeed, Yasir; Bohra, Abhishek; Varshney, Rajeev K.
    Plants offer a habitat for a range of interactions to occur among different stress factors. Epigenetics has become the most promising functional genomics tool, with huge potential for improving plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. Advances in plant molecular biology have dramatically changed our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control these interactions, and plant epigenetics has attracted great interest in this context. Accumulating literature substantiates the crucial role of epigenetics in the diversity of plant responses that can be harnessed to accelerate the progress of crop improvement. However, harnessing epigenetics to its full potential will require a thorough understanding of the epigenetic modifications and assessing the functional relevance of these variants. The modern technologies of profiling and engineering plants at genome-wide scale provide new horizons to elucidate how epigenetic modifications occur in plants in response to stress conditions. This review summarizes recent progress on understanding the epigenetic regulation of plant stress responses, methods to detect genome-wide epigenetic modifications, and disentangling their contributions to plant phenotypes from other sources of variations. Key epigenetic mechanisms underlying stress memory are highlighted. Linking plant response with the patterns of epigenetic variations would help devise breeding strategies for improving crop performance under stressed scenarios.
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    Nano-enabled stress-smart agriculture: Can nanotechnology deliver drought and salinity-smart crops?
    (Wiley, 2023) Raza, Ali; Charagh, Sidra; Salehi, Hajar; Abbas, Saghir; Saeed, Faisal; Poinern, Gerrard E. J.; Siddique, Kadambot H. M.
    Salinity and drought stress substantially decrease crop yield and superiority, directly threatening the food supply needed to meet the rising food needs of the growing total population. Nanotechnology is a step towards improving agricultural output and stress tolerance by improving the efficacy of inputs in agriculture via targeted delivery, controlled release, and enhanced solubility and adhesion while also reducing significant damage. The direct application of nanoparticles (NPs)/nanomaterials can boost the performance and effectiveness of physio-biochemical and molecular mechanisms in plants under stress conditions, leading to advanced stress tolerance. Therefore, we presented the effects and plant responses to stress conditions, and also explored the potential of nanomaterials for improving agricultural systems, and discussed the advantages of applying NPs at various developmental stages to alleviate the negative effects of salinity and drought stress. Moreover, we feature the recent innovations in state-of-the-art nanobiotechnology, specifically NP-mediated genome editing via CRISPR/Cas system, to develop stress-smart crops. However, further investigations are needed to unravel the role of nanobiotechnology in addressing climate change challenges in modern agricultural systems. We propose that combining nanobiotechnology, genome editing and speed breeding techniques could enable the designing of climate-smart cultivars (particularly bred or genetically modified plant varieties) to meet the food security needs of the rising world population. Salinity and drought stress substantially decrease crop yield and superiority, threatening the world's food security. Nanotechnology holds great potential for designing stress-smart, sustainable crops to feed the growing population. image
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    Physiological and molecular responses to high, chilling, and freezing temperature in plant growth and production: consequences and mitigation possibilities
    (Springer International Publishing, 2021) Zahra, Noreen; Shaukat, Kanval; Hafeez, Muhammad Bilal; Raza, Ali; Hussain, Sadam; Chaudhary, Muhammad Tanees; Akram, Muhammad Zubair
    Temperature is the main factor that determines the geographical distribution of plants both in the context of altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. Temperature is a primary physical factor affecting the rate of plant growth and development in all the species across different regimes. Prolonged extreme temperatures, either temperatures below and above certain thresholds during critical periods of developmental stages, have severe consequences on plant productivity and grain quality. In addition to flowering time, low temperature (LT) causes short hypocotyls and compact rosettes, and higher temperature causes lower viability of pollens and anthers, thereby causing severe economic losses. It alters the plant metabolism, and this short-/long-term modulation after exposure to high temperature (HT), low temperature (LT), and freezing temperature (FT) affects the important macromolecules (DNAs, protein) and super molecules (membranes, chromosomes). To combat the adversities of extreme temperature antioxidants activities, photosynthetic assimilate transport and heat shock proteins (HSPs) activation causes direct and indirect acclimation, thus protecting plants and enhancing plant growth and productivity. The responses of plants under temperature fluctuations have been widely investigated; however, in-depth studies related to adaptive responses of the plant at the molecular and physiological level are still lacking. Plants acquire resistance to every single degree increase/decrease in temperature by modulating genetic makeup and underlying key physiological processes. This chapter aims to document parallel-in-time changes during extreme temperature, and exploring new advancement in biotechnological tools to enhance plant tolerance at the genomic level, which could lead to the generation of new resistant/tolerant varieties with sustainable yield and production. Therefore, in this chapter, we underline and summarize the recent progress in the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses as tolerance mechanisms under HT, LT, and FT. Moreover, some mitigation approaches, such as QTLs, GWAS, MAS, PGRs, and plant leaf extracts, are also discussed in detail. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved.