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Öğe An examination of blind mole-rat (Nannospalax xanthodon) brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord tissues: A histological and stereological study(2022) Keleş, Ayşe İkinci; Süt, Burcu Biterge; Kankılıç, TeomanThe purpose of this study was to perform a histological examination of blind mole-rat (Nannospalax xanthodon) brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord tissues. Six blind mole-rats were caught in a natural environment, anesthetized with ether, and sacrificed. Brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord tissues were then removed. All tissues were kept in 10% formaldehyde for one week, at the end of which they were subjected to routine histological procedures and embedded in blocks. Five micron-thick sections were taken from the blocks (5 and 15 micron thick from spinal cord tissues). All sections were then stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Cresyl Violet, and DAPI. These sections were then evaluated under light and fluorescent microscopes. The blind mole-rats weighed 201.3 ± 61 g, the brains and cerebella weighed 1.8 ± 0.3 mg and 0.32 ± 0.05 mg, respectively, and the brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord volumes were 1.49±0.46 ml, 0.33± 0.08 ml, and 2.53± 0.19 µm3, respectively. No histological variation was observed in the brain or cerebellum tissues. However, examination of the spinal cord tissue revealed differences compared to humans and other rodents. The spinal cord exhibited a segmented, lobulated appearance, each lobe itself exhibiting the characteristics of a small spinal cord. No butterfly appearance was observed, and white and gray matter transitions were irregular, with less white and more gray matter. The location of the anterior and posterior horns was unclear. The motor neuron cells were also small in size. No significant variations were observed at nuclear organization (DAPI signals) between any tissues. In conclusion, the blind mole-rats were normal in weight, increased brain and cerebellum tissue weight and volumes were observed, while a decrease was determined in spinal cord tissue volumes. The brain and cerebellum were normal at histological examination, while structural differences were detected in the spinal cord.Öğe Comparative analysis of the different regions of skin tissue in Nannospalax xanthodon(Natural and Engineering Science, 2020) Süt, Burcu Biterge; Keleş, Ayşe İkinci; Kankılıç, TeomanBlind mole rats (Nannospalax xanthodon Palmer, 1903) are subterranean mammals that are well-known for their high tolerance to hypoxia and resistance to cancer. Due to their unusual habitat, these animals have developed several adaptations during their evolution. Therefore, this study aimed to identify possible structural differences between different regions of the skin in Nannospalax as well as to characterize the histological organization of a specialized skin patch namely scrub sensory organ that have possibly arisen as a result of adaptation to underground life. Skin from the neck, nasal pad and the scrub sensory organ was harvested from wildtype blind mole rats and fixed in 10% formaldehyde. Tissues were embedded into paraffin and blocked via routine histological procedures. 5-micron sections were taken and stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin and Cresyl Violet. Histopathological analysis of the skin revealed that the nasal pad and the scrub sensory organ were significantly thicker compared to the neck skin. Skin epithelia was structurally normal, although it was thicker in the neck skin in comparison to others. We observed structures that are similar to pyramidal cells in the scrub sensory organ. In conclusion, we defined some histological properties of the scrub sensory organ in Nannospalax xanthodon for the first time in the literature. Specifically, the detection of structures that are similar to pyramidal cells is significant. These results indicate structural differences between different skin regions and suggest a role for the scrub sensory organ in somatosensation. © 2020, Natural and Engineering Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Pediatrik All’de Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk Yolağına Moleküler Bir Bakış(2019) Balı, Dilara Fatma Akın; Süt, Burcu BitergePediatrik löseminin henüz sebebi kesin olarak bilinmeyen ancak tedavi edilebilen, multifaktöriyel bir hastalık olduğu düşünülmektedir. Lösemilerde diğer birçok kanser türü gibi genetik değişimler söz konusudur. Onkogenlerin aktivasyonu ya da tümör baskılayıcı genlerin inaktivasyonunda etkili bu genetik lezyonlar; hücre ölümü, farklılaşma ya da bölünmenin düzenlenme mekanizmalarında hasara yol açarak lösemi gelişimine neden olabilirler. Henüz belirlenmemiş genetik anomalilerin bilinmesi bu basamaklara etki eden tedavi seçeneklerinin bulunması ve bu sayede kemoterapiye dirençli ve nüks gösteren lösemilerin tedavi edilmesine, kişiselleştirilmiş tedavi yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu derlemede kanser gelişiminde önemli olduğu yapılan çalışmalar neticesinde ortaya konulan RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK yolağının pediatrik lösemi alt türü olan Akut Lenfoblastik Lösemi’de (ALL) incelenme yaklaşımını ortaya koyabilmek amaçlanmıştır.Öğe Structural Analysis of Novel Amino Acid Substitutions in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain(2021) Süt, Burcu BitergeT here are several novel amino acid substitutions in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which could account for the increased infec- tivity of this newly emerged virus. Therefore, in this paper we aimed to evaluate the potential effects of these amino acid substitutions on protein structure and function. For this purpose, we made use of several state-of-the-art computational tools and performed in silico analyses on protein similarity, 2D and 3D structure, ligand binding and biological function. We found that some of the novel amino acid changes caused significant structural alterations both at the secondary and terti - ary structure level, possibly affecting the interaction between the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and ACE2, as well as other ligands. In conclusion, data we provided here is a significant contribution to our current knowledge of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and will aid in having a better understanding of its molecular differences, mechanism of infection and the cellular processes it affects in the host in order to develop better therapies and vaccines.
