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    The effects of mulching with organic materials on the soil nutrient and carbon transport by runoff under simulated rainfall conditions
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Korkanc, Selma Yasar; Sahin, Halil
    The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of different organic mulch materials and application at different rates on the transport of nitrate nitrogen (NO3), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+), total nitrogen (TN), phosphate phosphorus (PO4-3)and total organic carbon (TOC) by runoff under the laboratory conditions and determine whether they affect the pH and electrical conductivity (EC) values in runoff after the application. Three different organic mulch materials (dry weed, wheat straw, and peanut hay) were applied on experimental plots prepared using Cambisol soils developed on sedimentary bedrock under laboratory conditions at four different rates (0 t/ha, 2 t/ha, 4 t/ha, and 6 t/ha). The experimental plots were placed on a smooth surface with a 9% slope, and simulated rainfall was applied at an intensity of 97 mm/h for 1 h. Runoff was collected, and NO3, NH4+, TN, PO4-3, TOC, pH, and EC were analysed. According to the results, peanut hay and straw mulch applications reduced NH(4)(+)concentrations in runoff. The most effective mulch type in reducing NO3 concentration was straw mulch at a rate of 4 t/ha. All three mulch types increased the concentration of TN, TOC, and PO4-3 in runoff. The lowest TN transport in water was found in the plots with straw mulch at 4 t/ha. The lowest TOC transport was found in plots with mulch application at a rate of 2 t/ha. The minimum PO4-3 loss was found in dry weed mulch treatments at a rate of 2 t/ha. Mulch applications generally increased the pH and EC values of runoff. In general, straw mulch reducing nutrient and TOC transport by runoff, followed by dry weed mulch applications. The type and application rate of mulches should be chosen carefully in terms of protecting water resources.
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    The efficiency of different mulch types and dose applications on runoff, soil, and nutrient losses under simulated rainfall
    (Wiley, 2024) Korkanc, Selma Yasar; Sahin, Halil
    Mulching is one of the best management practices used in soil and water conservation studies. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of different mulch types and doses on runoff coefficient (Rc), soil loss (Er), sediment concentration (Sc), time to ponding (tp), runoff generation time (tr), percolated (pw) and retained (rw) water and total losses of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+), total nitrogen (TN), phosphate-phosphorus (PO43-), and total organic carbon (TOC) under simulated rainfall in the laboratory. Three different mulch materials (dry weed, peanut hay, and wheat straw) were applied at four different doses (0, 2, 4, and 6 t/ha) on the experimental plots. A simulated rainfall intensity of 97 mm/s was applied for an hour. All mulch types and doses reduced Rc, and the most effective reduction was found in 2 t/ha dry weed mulch applied plots. The most effective application for reducing soil loss was 6 t/ha peanut hay mulch. The most effective application for delaying the ponding time and runoff generation time was the 4 t/ha application of wheat straw mulch. The highest pw and rw were found in 6 t/ha and 4 t/ha doses of dry weed mulch applications, respectively. The most effective application for reducing NH4+ losses was found in 4 t/ha wheat straw application plots. The most effective mulch type and dose for reducing NO3- loss was 6 t/ha of dry weed mulch. The lowest TN loss was found in the plots where 6 t/ha of peanut hay mulch was applied. In terms of PO43- losses, the lowest loss was in 6 t/ha of dry weed mulch plots. The lowest TOC loss was at 4 t/ha of straw mulch applications. Mulching can be a good natural-based solution for reducing soil, water, and nutrient loss. However, different mulch types and doses should be tested for different environmental conditions to determine the most cost-effective mulch type and dose.