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    A comprehensive study on the molecular characterization of tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus isolates and resistance genes in pepper and tomato
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2024) Sajid, Qurat Ul Ain; Elci, Eminur
    Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV, Orthotospovirus tomatomaculae) resistance genes (Tsw, Sw5) have been identified in pepper and tomato plants. The development of resistant cultivars is one of the popular management strategies for overcoming viral infections. However, the breakdown of resistance genes has been documented from many places where resistant cultivars have been developed. This has mainly been due to the emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) lines because of the consecutive use of these cultivars. The development of these isolates may cause great losses in both tomato and pepper plants in Turkiye. To investigate the incidence of TSWV, 150 symptomatic samples were collected from widespread locations of tomato and pepper growing provinces in Turkiye. Samples were inoculated to enhance the virus titer and further confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA positive samples were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) and CAPS markers were used to screen resistance genes in tomato and pepper plants. Positive TSWV-isolates were partially sequenced to determine whether they had the previously reported mutations in NSs or NSm genes for RB isolates. As per the virus characterization, NSm and NSs amino acid sequences showed no previously identified mutations. Resistance gene-carrying isolates were amplified for partial genome sequences. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that both NSs and NSm were distributed in the same genetic pool. The N gene sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Turkish isolates were clustered in a separate clade. These findings provide insight into TSWV infections and resistance genes of pepper and tomato by phylogenetic analysis.
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    Insect Meal as an Alternative to Protein Concentrates in Poultry Nutrition with Future Perspectives (An Updated Review)
    (Mdpi, 2023) Sajid, Qurat Ul Ain; Asghar, Muhammad Umair; Tariq, Haneef; Wilk, Martyna; Platek, Arkadiusz
    In recent years, interest has grown among poultry nutritionists in using alternative protein sources, such as insect meal, to meet the protein requirements of poultry due to sustainability concerns surrounding traditional protein sources such as soybean and fish meal. Insect meal can be produced from different insects, including black soldier fly, mealworms, and house crickets, and its nutrient composition varies depending on the insect species, the substrate they are reared on, and the production method. This review article provides an updated overview of insect meal as a new form of protein concentrate in poultry diets, including its nutritional value, advantages, challenges, and future prospects. Insect meal has been shown to be a rich source of protein, amino acids (lysine, methionine), and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, zinc), with a high digestibility rate, making it a valuable feed ingredient for poultry production. Additionally, using insect meal in poultry feed could reduce the cost of production and the environmental impact on the industry. Furthermore, the use of insect meal has the potential to improve the growth performance and meat quality of poultry species. However, several challenges related to large-scale insect production, legal regulatory frameworks, and consumer acceptance need to be addressed. Future research and development could help overcome these challenges and increase the adoption of insects as a potential source of protein in poultry feed. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of insects as a potential source of protein for poultry nutrition and highlights the possible perspectives of insect meal to contribute to a more sustainable and efficient poultry production system. While challenges remain, the utilization of insect meal in poultry feed has the capability to enhance the sustainability and efficiency in the poultry industry. Hence, insect meal emerges as a highly encouraging protein alternative, offering sustainable prospects for its utilization within the poultry sector. However, advancements in insect production technology and efficiency have the potential to raise the production scale while lowering prices, making insect meals more affordable compared to conventional protein sources. Based on the comprehensive analysis, it is recommended to further explore the practical implementation of insect meal as a reliable and efficient means of supplying protein in poultry nutrition.
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    Investigation of cherry virus diseases in Niğde
    (Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2018) Sajid, Qurat Ul Ain; Elçi, Eminur
    Türkiye'nin en önemli sert çekirdekli meyve ağaçlarından biri olan kiraz (Prunus avium L.) Rosaceae ailesine aittir. Niğde ili 23.660 metrik tonluk kiraz üretimi ile önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Niğde ili kiraz ağaçlarındaki olası virüslerin moleküler yöntemlerle araştırılmasıdır. Niğde'nin farklı bölgelerinden toplanan 90 örnek, Little cherry virus 1 (LChV1), Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV), Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Prune necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV), Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV), Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV), Plum bark necrotic stem pitting associated virus (PBNSPaV), Cherry twisted leaf virus (CTLV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), Little cherry virus 2 (LChV2), Cherry rusty leaf virus (CRLV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) gibi farklı virüse spesifik primerler kullanılarak PCR aracılığıyla taranmıştır. PCR analizleri sonucunda LChV1 virüsü dışında herhangi bir enfeksiyona rastlanılmamıştır. LChV1' in genetik çeşitlilik analizi çalışmaları amacı için 4 farklı gen bölgesine özgü primerler kullanılmış ve tarama yapılmıştır. Fakat herhangi bir çoğalma gözlenememiştir. dsRNA analizleri sonucunda sadece bir örnekte şüpheli bir profil tespit edilmiş olup cDNA sentezi ve PCR analizleri sonucunda pozitif sonuç elde edilememiştir. Sonuçlarınteyidi amacı ile hassasiyeti daha yüksek olan TaqMan Real-Time PCR sistemi kurulmuş ve sadece bir örnekte LChV1'e karşı pozitif bir sonuç elde edilmiştir. Yapılan bu analizler sonucunda, taranan ağaçlarda düşük konsantrasyonda LChV1 tespit edilmiş olup genel itibari ile taranan diğer virüsler bakımından sağlıklı oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır.