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    Extraction optimization and microencapsulation of phenolic antioxidant compounds from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.): Instant soluble tea production
    (Wiley, 2021) Tulek, Zehra; Alasalvar, Hamza; Basyigit, Bulent; Berktas, Serap; Salum, Pelin; Erbay, Zafer; Telci, Isa
    The purpose of this study was to extract phenolics from lemon balm followed by microencapsulation with spray drying. The optimum extraction conditions were 100 degrees C for the temperature and 120 min for the time with TPC of 6,365 mg GAE/100 g and ABTS radical scavenging activity of 9,196 mg TEAC/100 g. Lemon balm extracts were spray dried using three different air inlet temperatures (130 degrees C, 165 degrees C, and 200 degrees C) of which 165 degrees C was provided better scores than the other points in terms of microencapsulation yield (65.9%), microencapsulation efficiency (99.4%), dry matter (98.3%), and water activity (0.160). The inlet air temperatures had an insignificant (p > .05) effect on the antioxidant capacity of the microcapsules. Phenolic acids in lemon balm were slightly affected by the extraction and spray drying conditions. However, extraction followed by spray drying resulted in significant loss in the amount of volatiles such as geranial, neral, citronellal, and caryophyllene. Practical applications Hot water extracts of the medicinal and aromatic plants are consumed as herbal tea across the world and their biological activity varies depending on the extraction conditions. Furthermore, bioactive compounds are sensitive to environmental conditions when the compounds dissolved in water. The conditions necessary for the effective extraction of bioactive compounds are specific to the target plant and it is a problem for the consumer. Optimization of extraction conditions of lemon balm phenolics could provide useful information for the consumer and food industry. The production of phenolic microcapsules (instant soluble tea) from lemon balm could facilitate herbal tea preparation and reduce the preparation time.
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    Instant soluble roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) powder rich in bioactive compounds: Effect of the production process on volatile compounds
    (Springer, 2023) Naji, Abdullah Mohammed; Basyigit, Bulent; Alasalvar, Hamza; Salum, Pelin; Berktas, Serap; Erbay, Zafer; Cam, Mustafa
    This study investigated the optimum extraction conditions of bioactive compounds from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), the effect of the air inlet temperatures of spray drying on the final product, and variations in the volatile compounds during converting the plant extracts into soluble powder forms. The extraction was conducted at 54 degrees C for 120min to obtain extracts with superior total phenolic content (TPC) (2032.71mg GAE/100g), total anthocyanin content (TAC) (995.37mg Dp-3-sam/100g), DPPH radical scavenging activity (9.48g sample/g DPPH), and ABTS radical scavenging activity (3326.15mg TEAC/100g). The powder forms of the extracts were produced at air inlet temperatures of 165 and 200 degrees C by spray drying and the process was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. An increment in air inlet temperature improved the microencapsulation yield (MY) (76.53% for 165 degrees C and 80.83% for 200 degrees C) but adversely affected the solubility (96.86% for 165 degrees C and 90.22% for 200 degrees C). The HPLC results showed that anthocyanins tended to degrade in powders produced at higher temperatures. No interaction was detected between process temperatures and antioxidant properties (p > 0.05). However, there were remarkable changes in the concentration of volatile compounds during the process.