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    A multivariate statistical approach to Centaurea classification using essential oil composition data of some species from Turkey
    (SPRINGER WIEN, 2006) Flamini, G.; Tebano, M.; Cioni, P. L.; Bagci, Y.; Dural, H.; Ertugrul, K.; Savran, A.
    The composition of the essential oils of ten Centaurea species from Turkey, Centaurea aladaghensis, C. antiochia var. prealta, C. antitauri, C. babylonica, C. balsamita, C. cheirolepidoides, C. deflexa, C. iconiensis, C. lanigera, C. ptosimopappoides have been studied. Multivariate statistical analyses (Principal Component Analysis, Multidimensional Scaling, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) applied to GC-MS data, seem to be very useful to investigate and establish the natural taxonomic delimitation of this very difficult genus. The groupings resulted independent from the ecological similarities (i.e. plants that live in the same habitats or share similar morphological characteristics), so it seems that the environment has no influence on the biosynthesis of the volatiles of these plants.
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    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF PHLOMIS GRANDIFLORA HS THOMPSON VAR. GRANDIFLORA FLOWERS AND LEAVES OF TURKISH ORIGIN
    (WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC, 2011) Ozcan, M. M.; Chalchat, J. C.; Bagci, Y.; Dural, H.; Figueredo, G.; Savran, A.
    The essential oils of flower and leaves of Phlomis grandiflora H.S. Thompson var. grandiflora (Lamiaceae), endemic grown in Turkey, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. The yields of essential oil isolated by steam distillation from the flowers and leaves of Phlomis were 0.12 and 0.2% (w/w), respectively. Hydrodistillation of the dried flowers and leaves of Phlomis gave light-yellowish oils. Thirty-two components were identified in the flowers oil, which represented about 92.1% of the total composition of the oil. The major constituents of the flower essential oil were beta-eudesmol (61.48%), beta-curcumene (5.81%), E-beta-farnesene (2.35%), alpha-zingiberene (2.18%) and alpha-cedrene (1.94). Thirty-nine components were identified in the oil of leaves, making up 87.7% of the total composition. The major constituents of the essential oils of the leaves were beta-eudesmol (62.04%), beta-curcumene (3.43%), ar-curcumene (2.20%) and linalool (2.03%). In particular, both oils were characterized by a high content of beta-eudesmol. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Some species of Phlomis are used as tonic and stimulant in Turkey and against diseases of the respiratory tract or externally for the treatment of wounds. Also, many studies have shown various biological activities such as immunosuppressive free radical scavenging, antimicrobial and antimutagenic activities.