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    Depositional conditions of the coal-bearing Hirka Formation beneath late miocene explosive volcanic products in NW central Anatolia, Turkey
    (INDIAN ACADEMY SCIENCES, 2007) Sener, Mehmet
    This work focuses on the relationship between the coal deposition and explosive volcanism of the Miocene basin, NW central Anatolia, Turkey. The coal-bearing Hirka Formation was deposited over the Galatian Andesitic Complex and/or massive lagoonal environments during the Miocene. The investigated lignite is a high ash (from 32 to 58%) and sulphur (from 1.43 to 3.03%) lignite which is petrographically characterised by a high humunite content. The mineral matter of the studied lignite samples is made up of mainly clay minerals (illite-smectite and kaolinite), plagioclase and quartz in Bolu coal field, clay minerals (illite-smectite, smectite and illite), quartz, calcite, plagioclase and gypsum in Seben coal field, quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) in Kibriscik, and dolomite, quartz, clinoptilolite, opal CT and gypsum in Camhdere coal field. The differences in these four types of lignite with specific mineralogical patterns may be due to the explosive volcanic events and depositional conditions which changed from one coal field to the others. There is a zonation from SW to SE in the studied area for zeolites- such as Opal CT+smectite-clinoptilolite-analcime-K-feldspar. Carbonate minerals are commonly calcite in Seben and Kibriscik coal fields. In Bolu, coal samples are devoid of calcite and dolomite. These analyses show that there is an increase in the amount of Mg and a decrease in the amount of Na from the northwestern part to the southern part in the study area.
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    Depositional environment characteristics of UlukA +/- AYla Evaporites, Central Anatolia, Turkey
    (SPRINGER, 2017) Keskin, Seref; Sener, Mehmet; Sener, Mehmet Furkan; Ozturk, Muhammed Zeynel
    This paper examines evaporated deposits of gypsum known as the UlukA +/- AYla Evaporites located in the UlukA +/- AYla Basin, central Anatolia, Turkey. The Late Eocene compression between the Eurasian and Afro-Arabian plates formed numerous shallow epicontinental basins in SE central Anatolia. During this period, the UlukA +/- AYla Basin was a shallow marine environment. The composition of the UlukA +/- AYla Basin indicates that gypsum and stromatolite were deposited due to an arid climate and sea level oscillation between 37.25 and 38.52 Ma. Oxygen, sulfur, and strontium isotopes and the geochemistry of the evaporated rocks were measured to understand the paleoenvironment of this formation. Trace element analyses of Fe, K, Mg, Na, Mn, Sr, Ni, and Cu from the gypsum samples showed very high variability. The average K/Na, Sr/Ca, and Mg/Na were measured to be 0.4, 2.35, and 2.9 %, respectively, which indicates that the UlukA +/- AYla gypsum lies in a formerly hypersaline environment. Sr-87/Sr-86, O-18, and S-34 isotope ratios indicate that the gypsum was deposited in marine water then mixed with fresh continental water.
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    Evaluating of karstification in the Mentese Region of southwest Turkey with GIS and remote sensing applications
    (GEBRUDER BORNTRAEGER, 2007) Tuefekci, Kenan; Sener, Mehmet
    In this research, karstification in Mentese Region of southwest of Turkey has been studied by GIS and remote sensing applications. Macro karstic features (doline, uvala, tectono-karstic depression and fluvio-karstic valley) of the area extending from Lake Bafa to Gokova Bay have been mapped with digitized geology and topography maps and satellite image. Micro and macro karstification have developed in dolomitic and cherty limestones belonging to Dogger-Createcous, Campanian-Maestrihtien, Senoman, Jurassic-Createcous, Middle Triassic-Liassic, Permian and terrestrial limestones of Pliocene. Dislocation lines (fault-lineament) in the direction of northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest extracted from geology maps and satellite image are important agents in evaluation of macro karstic forms. Relief generation cycles at three levels have been defined according to the TIN surface (Triangulated Irregular Network) and geomorphology map of Turkey. Based on this application, it is possible to say that changing climatic and tectonic conditions from Miocene to Pliocene have affected to the course of karstification. Slope and elevation maps extracted from DEM have been compared with macro karstic features in GIS environment. Macro karst features have mostly developed between 0-40 degrees and in areas where slope is greater than 40 degrees a clear macro karst hasn't become. Tectono-karstic depressions and uvalas have formed between 0-1,000 in, doline type karstic depressions have developed between 1,000-1,500 in and an evident macro karst form hasn't become at elevations higher than 1,500 in. Shaded relief image of the area originated from DEM has designated that the area has a rough relief being created by neotectonic movements. This uneven area dissected by rivers is a suitable environment for karstic process. According to the agents functioning on karstification, it has been described that Mentese Region has a "structure-erosion-corrosion karst" type.
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    Geochemical proxies and formation mechanism of Hatay (Baslamis) travertine and relation with Dead Sea Fault Zone (S-Turkey)
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Sener, Mehmet Furkan; Sener, Mehmet; Yigit, Banu
    This study is the first investigation of the Baslamis(Hatay) travertines formed in the northern part of the left-lateral strike-slip Dead Sea Fault Zone. In this study, Baslamis travertines are examined in terms of structural, mineralogical and formation mechanism by conducting geochemical, hydrogeochemical and facies analysis. The Baslamis travertine occurrences are characterized by successions of terraces and pools developed in slope depositional system, mound depositional system and depression depositional system. The travertines have been classified into five lithotypes, namely: laminated, coated bubble, reed, intraclasts and micritic travertine. According to the thin section, XRD, SEM and EDX analysis, the Baslamis travertines are divided into two groups, the first group contains aragonite and secondary minerals such as silica and clay minerals, while the second group consists only of calcite minerals, therefore, the travertines are morphologically classified as aragonite-bearing travertines and massive calcite bearing travertines. The negative correlation between Ca and Sr abundances in travertine samples indicates that some Ca was replaced by Sr in the calcite lattice. Relatively rich trace element content in the Baslamis travertines is attributed to leaching of the underlying gabbro and limestone. Higher concentrations of some of the elements were probably the result of diagenetic processes and syngenetic mineralization. The Baslamis travertines are defined as meteogene travertine deposits and are fed with meteoric-origin waters along Dead Sea Fault Zone in terms of hydrogeochemical results. The conceptual model of the Baslamis travertine shows that the travertines are formed by precipitation of dissolving the limestone. The heat source of the geothermal fluid forming the travertines is of tectonic origin.
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    Structural controls on distribution of dolines on Mount Anamas (Taurus Mountains, Turkey)
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Ozturk, Muhammed Zeynel; Sener, Mehmet Furkan; Sener, Mehmet; Simsek, Mesut
    Solution dolines are characteristic landforms on the high plateaus of the Taurus Mountains. In this study, the effects of tectonic structures, drainage and slope conditions on the distribution and morphometric properties of dolines in the western part of the Central Taurus are explained. To delimit the dolines, 1/25000 scale topographic maps were used. The uppermost closed contour lines were digitized as polygons and the elevation, long and short axes, elongation ratios, orientation angles of the polygons were calculated. The doline density is compared with drainage density and mean slope values. A total of 111 rose diagrams were created in order to illustrate the superficial distribution of orientation. As a result, a total of 10,652 dolines were detected in a 711 km(2) doline area and maximum density reaches 123 dolines/km(2). However, according to the doline density, two distinct regions were detected, high density (RI) and low density (R2). Correlations between drainage density, slope angle and doline density are negative in the two regions. According to negative correlations, the drainage density is not a determinant factor in RI, while it is a determinant factor in R2. A 30 degrees slope angle (in km2) limits doline distribution on the plateau surface. The orientation of all doline long axes is NW-SE, which is parallel to the general orographic extent of Mount Anamas. However, different orientations were detected and these orientations were showed in farther sub-regions according to the 111 gridded rose diagrams. The overall result of this study is that the fault and joint systems that developed on the thick-bedded limestone between thrust faults affected the doline density, while lateral strike-slip, normal faults and joint systems in front of the thrust belt were more effective on the geometric shapes of dolines. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    The evolution of the Cappadocia Geothermal Province, Anatolia (Turkey): geochemical and geochronological evidence
    (Springer, 2017) Sener, M. Furkan; Sener, Mehmet; Uysal, I. Tonguc
    Cappadocia Geothermal Province (CGP), central Turkey, consists of nine individual geothermal regions controlled by active regional fault systems. This paper examines the age dating of alteration minerals and the geochemistry (trace elements and isotopes) of the alteration minerals and geothermal waters, to assess the evolution of CGP in relation to regional tectonics. Ar-Ar age data of jarosite and alunite show that the host rocks were exposed to oxidizing conditions near the Earth's surface at about 5.30 Ma. Based on the delta O-18-delta D relationhip, water samples had a high altitude meteoric origin. The delta S-34 values of jarosite and alunite indicate that water samples from the southern part of the study area reached the surface after circulation through volcanic rocks, while northern samples had traveled to the surface after interacting with evaporates at greater depths. REY (rare earth elements and yttrium) diagrams of alteration minerals (especially illite, jarosite and alunite) from rock samples, taken from the same locations as the water samples, display a similar REY pattern to water samples. This suggests that thermal fluids, which reached the surface along a fault zone and caused the mineral alteration in the past, had similar chemical composition to the current geothermal water. The geothermal conceptual model, which defines a volcanically heated reservoir and cap rocks, suggests there are no structural drawbacks to the use of the CGP geothermal system as a resource. However, fluid is insufficient to drive the geothermal system as a result of scanty supply of meteoric water due to evaporation significantly exceeding rainfall.
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    Toxic gas emissions from the Kayseri peat deposit, central Anatolia, Turkey
    (INDIAN ACAD SCIENCES, 2012) Sener, Mehmet; Korkanc, Mustafa; Sener, M. Furkan; Korkanc, Selma Yasar; Ozgur, F. Zafer
    Toxic gases evolving from the soil in urbanized peatland regions constitute a serious hazard since buildings may be subject to the direct ingress of volatiles into the structures. Peat formed in swamp and rarely exposed to subaerial conditions has been associated with the development of the folded foreland of the Quaternary Kayseri pull-apart basin. The peat deposit is extensively urbanized but so far no studies have evaluated the extent of the ground gas hazard. In this paper, the geology, petrography and chemical variation of the Kayseri peat deposit have been studied in order to predict the public health risk from the land gases' behaviour, especially in soil gases. The main volatile species detected are methane (CH4), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2), all of which are highly toxic. The primary means of gas entry is directly from the ground through the floors, walls, and especially subsurface telephone cable pipes. Indoor vents emit 1000-70,000 ppm CH4, 330-49,000 ppm CO2 and 3.8-6.5 ppm H2S in soil and subsurface pipes; concentrations high enough to present an acute respiratory hazard to persons close to the vents.
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    Untapped Economic Resource Potential of the Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic Volta Basin, Ghana: A Review
    (Springer, 2019) Abu, Mahamuda; Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba; Sener, Mehmet
    The similar to 115,000 km(2) Volta Basin of Ghana is one of the most studied geological terrains. However, unlike the Birimian and Tarkwaian which have been targeted due to their gold potential, the Volta Basin has been studied largely only toward resolving its lithostratigraphic-related issues. The Volta Basin, however, has economic resource potentials that are worth exploring for the economic benefit of the country. This study seeks to highlight some of the economic resources of the Volta Basin that can be harnessed through further exploration and evaluation. Synthesis of the available literature on the economic resources of the Basin and some few field relations by the authors helped in unraveling the economic resource potential of the Basin. Previous mineral prospectivity maps for various identified minerals in the Basin were merged into a single large-scale map and overlaid on the geology of the area using GIS-based kriging interpolation method to outline the complete mineral resource potential of the Volta Basin. The study reveals that the northeastern, central, and southeastern fringes of the Basin have extensive exposures of sandstones that can be extracted and quarried for construction purposes. The Oti/Pendjari Group with a large areal extent coupled with a great thickness could be evaluated for brick and tiles production. The Group also has a wealth of limestones in the Mamprusi areas that could serve as a hub for cement production to serve all the northern parts of the country if exploited. The Basin could be hosting gold deposits via late hydrothermal fluids evidenced by quartz veins and the presence of extensive continuation of the Birimian structures into the overlying Volta Basin which are the main controlling features of the Birimian gold deposits. The Basin hosts phosphate, bauxite, diamond and iron ore deposits in some localities. Out of these, only iron ore discovered in the Sheini area is currently under exploration but is being constrained by several geological factors. Although Premuasi 1 well has not given promising results on the hydrocarbon potential of the Basin, the lithostratigraphic succession of the basin supports a complete hydrocarbon system just like the Taodeni Basin.