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    A review of the geothermal system evolution and distribution in the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (Turkiye)
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2023) Sener, Mehmet Furkan; Ozturk, Muhammed Zeynel; Baba, Alper
    Turkiye is located in the Mediterranean sector of the Alpine-Himalayan tectonic belt and is among the foremost seven countries in the world having an abundance of geothermal resources. The Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC) is one of the most important geothermal regions in Turkiye. This study aims to evaluate the geothermal system of CACC using the geological, structural, and hydrogeochemical properties that were obtained from previous studies. The present study investigated and evaluated the hydrogeochemical and isotopic properties of 762 water samples belonging to 45 different localities from 41 scientific studies. The result shows that CACC has different heat sources and different hydrogeochemical processes. Major element chemistry of the water reveals that the geothermal fluids are mostly of the Ca -Mg -HCO3 , Na -Cl -HCO3 , and Ca-Cl water types. Silica geothermometers suggest that the reservoir temperature ranges from 48 to 180 degrees C. Based on the delta 18O -delta D relationship, water samples have a high-altitude meteoric origin. Stable isotopic data indicate that the geothermal fluids are formed by local recharge and deep circulation of meteoric waters.
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    Depositional environment characteristics of UlukA +/- AYla Evaporites, Central Anatolia, Turkey
    (SPRINGER, 2017) Keskin, Seref; Sener, Mehmet; Sener, Mehmet Furkan; Ozturk, Muhammed Zeynel
    This paper examines evaporated deposits of gypsum known as the UlukA +/- AYla Evaporites located in the UlukA +/- AYla Basin, central Anatolia, Turkey. The Late Eocene compression between the Eurasian and Afro-Arabian plates formed numerous shallow epicontinental basins in SE central Anatolia. During this period, the UlukA +/- AYla Basin was a shallow marine environment. The composition of the UlukA +/- AYla Basin indicates that gypsum and stromatolite were deposited due to an arid climate and sea level oscillation between 37.25 and 38.52 Ma. Oxygen, sulfur, and strontium isotopes and the geochemistry of the evaporated rocks were measured to understand the paleoenvironment of this formation. Trace element analyses of Fe, K, Mg, Na, Mn, Sr, Ni, and Cu from the gypsum samples showed very high variability. The average K/Na, Sr/Ca, and Mg/Na were measured to be 0.4, 2.35, and 2.9 %, respectively, which indicates that the UlukA +/- AYla gypsum lies in a formerly hypersaline environment. Sr-87/Sr-86, O-18, and S-34 isotope ratios indicate that the gypsum was deposited in marine water then mixed with fresh continental water.
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    Geochemical proxies and formation mechanism of Hatay (Baslamis) travertine and relation with Dead Sea Fault Zone (S-Turkey)
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Sener, Mehmet Furkan; Sener, Mehmet; Yigit, Banu
    This study is the first investigation of the Baslamis(Hatay) travertines formed in the northern part of the left-lateral strike-slip Dead Sea Fault Zone. In this study, Baslamis travertines are examined in terms of structural, mineralogical and formation mechanism by conducting geochemical, hydrogeochemical and facies analysis. The Baslamis travertine occurrences are characterized by successions of terraces and pools developed in slope depositional system, mound depositional system and depression depositional system. The travertines have been classified into five lithotypes, namely: laminated, coated bubble, reed, intraclasts and micritic travertine. According to the thin section, XRD, SEM and EDX analysis, the Baslamis travertines are divided into two groups, the first group contains aragonite and secondary minerals such as silica and clay minerals, while the second group consists only of calcite minerals, therefore, the travertines are morphologically classified as aragonite-bearing travertines and massive calcite bearing travertines. The negative correlation between Ca and Sr abundances in travertine samples indicates that some Ca was replaced by Sr in the calcite lattice. Relatively rich trace element content in the Baslamis travertines is attributed to leaching of the underlying gabbro and limestone. Higher concentrations of some of the elements were probably the result of diagenetic processes and syngenetic mineralization. The Baslamis travertines are defined as meteogene travertine deposits and are fed with meteoric-origin waters along Dead Sea Fault Zone in terms of hydrogeochemical results. The conceptual model of the Baslamis travertine shows that the travertines are formed by precipitation of dissolving the limestone. The heat source of the geothermal fluid forming the travertines is of tectonic origin.
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    GIS based analysis of doline density on Taurus Mountains, Turkey
    (Springer, 2018) Ozturk, Muhammed Zeynel; Simsek, Mesut; Sener, Mehmet Furkan; Utlu, Mustafa
    The Taurus Mountain is one of the most important karstic region of the world and dolines are characteristics landforms of this area. However, the number and distribution of doline are unknown in the study area. The aims of this study are to explain the total number of dolines, distribution of doline density, effects of slope conditions and the change of doline orientation in the Taurus Mountains. According to the 1/25000 scale topographic maps utilized in this study, a total of 140,070 dolines were determined in a 13,189 km(2) area on eleven high karstic plateaus bordered by steep slopes and deep gorges. These plateaus are substantially affected by highly-faulted and jointed systems and about 80% of each plateau is covered with neritic limestone. The dolines are located at an elevation between 10 and 2870 m. Average elevation of all dolines is 1842 m. 90% of dolines are located between 1300 and 2270 m and only 5% of dolines found under 1330 m. According to this results, the densest doline zone corresponds to the alpine and periglacial zone above the treeline. Doline density reaches > 100 doline/km(2) on Mt. Anamas and the Seyran, Geyik and Akdag ranges as well as the TaAYeli plateau. Maximum density (187 doline/km(2)) is found on the Akdag Mountains. However, 66% of the study area is characterized by low density, 29.9% with moderate density, 3.4% with high density and 0.7% with very high density. The highest doline densities are seen on gentle slopes (15A degrees-25A degrees/km(2)) and steep slopes (> 35A degrees/km(2)) are limited doline distribution. According to the rose diagram formed by the azimuths of the long axis of the dolines at the Central Taurus, two direction are dominant in doline orientations (NW-SE and NE-SW). However, dominant directions are NE-SW at eastern, NE-SW and NW-SE at central and NW-SE at western part of the Central Taurus. According to this elongations, doline orientations are formed an arc which is formed by tectonic evolution of the Central Taurus.
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    Hydrothermal Fluid Circulation and Travertine Precipitation of Akhuyuk (Konya) Geothermal Field, Central Anatolia, Turkey
    (Tmmob Jeoloji Muhendisleri Odasi, 2018) Sener, Mehmet Furkan
    The Akhuyuk geothermal field, which is the study area, is located in the southwest part of the Central Anatolian Volcanic Complex. Akhuyuk travertine in the study area is a fissure-ridge type travertine formed as a result of sedimentation of thermal waters reaching the surface along a fault line parallel to the Tuzgolu Fault Zone. All rock samples of study area are composed of calcite mineral in whole rock XRD examination. According to the XRF analysis results of the same samples, all samples are composed of about 90% of Ca element and this Ca element is accompanied by Mg, S, Sr and K elements. Surface temperatures of water samples taken from different sources in the study area vary between 17-35 degrees C, pH values are 6.6-6.9 and electrical conductivities (EC) are between 560047700 mu S/cm. According to the Scholler diagram of the water samples collected from the study area, the waters are fed from the same source. The ion distributions of the water samples are Na+K>Ca+Mg and Cl+SO4 > HCO3 + CO3 according to the cations and anions, respectively and consist of Na-Cl type water. Mineral saturations in measured temperatures during water sampling indicate that calcite, aragonite and dolomite minerals are generally formed by precipitation in the thermal waters. According to the generated three-dimensional conceptual model of the field, the bedrock of the area is the Paleozoic Nigde Group, the heating system is composed by the Uckapili Granodiorite and geogradyan as it is in the Central Anatolian Volcanic Complex. Reservoir rock is the limestones belonging to Gokbez Formation and the cover rocks are the Akhuyuk travertines with the Pleistocene-Holocene sediments.
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    Morphotectonic development of surface karst in Western Taurus (Türkiye)
    (Springer, 2023) Sener, Mehmet Furkan; Simsek, Mesut; Utlu, Mustafa; Ozturk, Muhammed Zeynel; Sozbilir, Hasan
    The Taurus Mountains, the most important karst terrains of Turkiye, contain many surface and subsurface karst landforms, and the morphometric features of these landforms provide important data on the geomorphological and morphotectonic development of karst areas in the Taurus Mountains. Micro and macro karst depressions are the most important surface landforms in the Western Taurus Mountains. In this study, a total of 7093 micro depressions (doline) and 74 macro depressions (polje) located in the Western Taurus Mountains were detected and morphometric properties were calculated. The poljes developed within the Beydaglari Autochthon and Lycian nappes, while the dolines developed mainly in the high karst plateaus within the Beydaglari Autochthon. As briefly described below, the morphotectonic evolution of both landforms is closely related to the tectonic evolution of the Western Taurus Mountains. As a result of this tectonic activity, the Lycian Nappes from the northwest and the Antalya Nappes from the east thrust over the Beydaglari autochthon, leading to the development of nappes, reverse faults, and fold systems in the study area. The Western Taurus began terrestrialization starting from the Oligocene and began to erode from the Miocene. This erosion process led to the development of valley systems within the Western Taurus region. The NE-SW and NW-SE directional normal faults have developed under the influence of extensional tectonics since the Miocene. This extensional tectonism has caused widespread development of the poljes in the study area. Furthermore, with the lowering of the karst base level, dolines and paleovalleys began to develop in limestone areas at higher elevations. All morphometric and morphotectonic processes reveal that the extension of both doline and polje areas in the study area are parallel to the elongation of tectonic structures in the Western Taurus.
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    Structural controls on distribution of dolines on Mount Anamas (Taurus Mountains, Turkey)
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Ozturk, Muhammed Zeynel; Sener, Mehmet Furkan; Sener, Mehmet; Simsek, Mesut
    Solution dolines are characteristic landforms on the high plateaus of the Taurus Mountains. In this study, the effects of tectonic structures, drainage and slope conditions on the distribution and morphometric properties of dolines in the western part of the Central Taurus are explained. To delimit the dolines, 1/25000 scale topographic maps were used. The uppermost closed contour lines were digitized as polygons and the elevation, long and short axes, elongation ratios, orientation angles of the polygons were calculated. The doline density is compared with drainage density and mean slope values. A total of 111 rose diagrams were created in order to illustrate the superficial distribution of orientation. As a result, a total of 10,652 dolines were detected in a 711 km(2) doline area and maximum density reaches 123 dolines/km(2). However, according to the doline density, two distinct regions were detected, high density (RI) and low density (R2). Correlations between drainage density, slope angle and doline density are negative in the two regions. According to negative correlations, the drainage density is not a determinant factor in RI, while it is a determinant factor in R2. A 30 degrees slope angle (in km2) limits doline distribution on the plateau surface. The orientation of all doline long axes is NW-SE, which is parallel to the general orographic extent of Mount Anamas. However, different orientations were detected and these orientations were showed in farther sub-regions according to the 111 gridded rose diagrams. The overall result of this study is that the fault and joint systems that developed on the thick-bedded limestone between thrust faults affected the doline density, while lateral strike-slip, normal faults and joint systems in front of the thrust belt were more effective on the geometric shapes of dolines. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.