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Öğe Allozyme variations in Anatolian populations and cytotypes of the blind mole rats (Nannospalax)(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2015) Kankilic, Teoman; Kankilic, Tolga; Sozen, Mustafa; Colak, ErcumentEnzymatic proteins encoded by 28 putative loci in 326 samples of 12 mol rat cytotypes collected from 97 localities in Anatolia were investigated by standard horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. A total of 61 alleles were determined for 28 isozyme loci and 23 of the 28 were polymorphic. Eight of the 23 polymorphic loci were agreeable to the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. It was determined that deviations from the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium in the examined populations were due to a heterozygote deficiency. It was revealed by allozyme analyses that mole rat populations in Anatolia have formed 4 cytotypes groups, represented by 4 species (Nannospalax xanthodon, Nannospalax ehrenbergi, N. cilicicus, and N. nehringi). Cytotypes in western Anatolia (2n = 36, 2n = 38, 2n = 40, 2n = 52) showed private alleles in different enzyme systems; therefore, these cytotypes were genetically different, both from each other and other cytotypes. Although cytotypes in central Anatolia (2n = 52S, 2n = 56, 2n = 58, and 2n = 60) contained a different diploid chromosome number, they showed identical patterns in terms of their allele content in the 28 enzymatic loci. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Borrelia miyamotoi in wild rodents from four different regions of Turkey(Elsevier Gmbh, 2023) Celebi, Bekir; Yeni, Derya Karatas; Yilmaz, Yusuf; Matur, Ferhat; Babur, Cahit; Oktem, Mehmet Ali; Sozen, MustafaBorrelia miyamotoi is a tick-borne zoonotic agent that causes hard tick-borne relapsing fever, an emerging disease in humans. Some small mammalian and bird species are reported to be reservoirs of B. miyamotoi. This study aims to examine Borrelia species present in rodents captured from rural areas of Turkey. Blood samples of rodents were initially screened with Borrelia 16S rRNA qPCR. The Borrelia flaB gene was subsequently amplified by conventional PCR, after which all positive samples were sequenced. Borrelia miyamotoi was observed in nine out of 536 blood samples (1.7%) collected from wild rodents. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all positive samples belonged to the European genotype clade of B. miyamotoi. PCR positivity was 5.3%, 3.7%, and 1.8% in Apodemus uralensis, Apodemus flavicollis, and Myodes glareolus, respectively. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato that causes Lyme borreliosis in humans could not be detected in the rodents. In this study, presence of B. miyamotoi DNA is reported for the first time in rodents in Turkey.Öğe Characterization of Bartonella taylorii Strains in Small Mammals of the Turkish Thrace(Springer, 2020) Polat, Ceylan; Celebi, Bekir; Irmak, Sercan; Karatas, Ahmet; Colak, Faruk; Matur, Ferhat; Sozen, MustafaRodents play role as a reservoir for some Bartonella species which cause different clinical manifestations in humans. Bartonella spp. existence in rodents of Turkish Thrace has been detected for the first time, and the risky habitat types were evaluated for the infection. Ninety individuals belonging to three small rodent species were screened by PCR, and the overall prevalence of Bartonella infection was 22.2%. The strains were characterized molecularly based on the phylogenetic analyses of two housekeeping genes, rpoB and gltA. They clustered with B. taylorii. The significant effects of habitat types and rodent species on Bartonella infections were observed. It was detected that B. taylorii prevalence was the highest in the swamp forest habitat and A. flavicollis species. The present study demonstrates that A. flavicollis is the reservoir of B. taylorii in the European part of Turkey.Öğe Dobrava hantavirus variants found in Apodemus flavicollis mice in Krklareli Province, Turkey(Wiley, 2018) Polat, Ceylan; Sironen, Tarja; Plyusnina, Angelina; Karatas, Ahmet; Sozen, Mustafa; Matur, Ferhat; Vapalahti, OlliHantaviruses infect humans via inhalation of viral particles within secretions of infected rodents or rarely through direct contact with infected rodents. Determining the prevalence of hantavirus infections among rodent populations is of vital importance to obtain information on hantavirus-related cases and to predict possible outbreaks. We hypothesized that DOBV strains circulating in the Thrace Region in Turkey would be related to other Balkan DOBV strains. In this study, hantavirus infections in the rodent population of the Krklareli-neada Region (north-western Turkey, near the Bulgarian border) were investigated. This region is of particular importance, as it is located in the south-eastern margin of the European continent and was used as an entrance point of Asian faunal elements into Europe. DOBV infection was detected in eight of 73 rodents; all were of the Apodemus flavicollis species. Partial sequences of the viral S-, M-, and L-genome segments were recovered and compared with previously reported DOBV sequences. The newly characterized Turkish strains were similar to other DOBV variants. Silent nucleotide mutations were dominant. The hantavirus prevalence in the neada region was similar to what has been reported in Greece and Bulgaria. For the first time, the M-segment sequences of DOBV from Turkey were recovered and genetic data of hantaviruses from Thrace region of Turkey were obtained.Öğe Genetic Diversity and Geographic Variation of Chromosomal races of Nannospalax xanthodon (Nordmann, 1840) and Nannospalax ehrenbergi (Nehring, 1898) from Turkey, Revealed by RAPD Analysis(INST ZOOLOGY, BAS, 2013) Kankilic, Teoman; Kankilic, Tolga; Sozen, Mustafa; Colak, ErcumentThe level of genetic polymorphism in chromosomal races of Nannospalax xanthodon and Nannospalax ehrenbergi was determined by applying random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) analysis. One hundred and fifty four mole rat samples belonging to two species N. xanthodon (61 populations) and N. ehrenbergi (3 populations) distributed in Anatolia were studied. Remarkable variations of diploid chromosome numbers were identified for N. xanthodon (2n=36-60). Eleven RAPD-PCR primers generated 160 polymorphic loci. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci was 92% (147 bands) for all chromosomal race implying high levels of genetic variability in N. xanthodon and N. ehrenbergi. Estimation of genetic diversity based on PCR amplification of RAPDs was high for both species. Results of RAPD- PCR observed within and among species were also connected with the peripatric mode of speciation. We determined that RAPD bands showed high diagnostic value between chromosomal races as they were very distinctive for each chromosomal race and absent from other forms. Genetic distance (1),) values between chromosomal races suggest that most populations analyzed in this study may be valid biological species.Öğe Karyotypes of Bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae) from Jordan(ARABIAN GULF UNIV, 2008) Karatas, Ahmet; Wedyan, Mohammed; Sozen, Mustafa; Shehab, Adwan; Amr, ZuhairThe karyotypes of four bat species of two families (Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae) were examined from Jordan. Bat specimens were captured by use of mist-nets and hand-nets from three localities in Jordan in June 2006. Chromosomes were obtained from femoral bone marrow cells and about 20-30 metaphase cells of each animal were examined. The diploid number of chromosomes (2n) and the fundamental numbers of chromosomal arms (NFa) were determined to be 2n=58 and NFa=60 for Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rh. euryale and Rh. blasii, and 2n=44, NFa=50 for Pipistrellus kuhlii. Karyology of Rh. euryale and P. kuhlii is investigated from Jordan for the first time. The karyotypes of Jordanian bats show similarity to other populations in other countries with respect to the diploid chromosome number, however, the fundamental chromosome number and the number of autosomal arms are quite different.Öğe Molecular Survey of Babesia microti (Aconoidasida: Piroplasmida) in Wild Rodents in Turkey(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2019) Usluca, Selma; Celebi, Bekir; Karasartova, Djursun; Gureser, A. Semra; Matur, Ferhat; Oktem, M. Ali; Sozen, MustafaBabesia microti (Aconoidasida: Piroplasmida) (Franca, 1910) is an important tick-borne zoonotic parasite with rodents serving as reservoir hosts. In the present study, 536 rodents were captured from Burdur, Bartin, Giresun, and Yozgat provinces of Turkey between the years 2010 and 2012, and blood samples were examined for the presence of Babesia spp. using conventional PCR which targeted the 18S rRNA gene. The sequence analysis of PCR amplicons was tested for B. microti as well as for Hepatozoon spp., and Sarcocystis spp. Overall, 5.8% of the rodents were positive for B. microti: 41% in Myodes glareolus, 7.7% in Chionomys roberti, and 2% in Apodemus spp., whereas no Babesia DNA was detected in Mus macedonicus and Microtus spp. Six rodents were positive for Hepatozoon spp. and one rodent was positive for Sarcocystis spp. Overall, 14.9 and 4.5% of rodents captured from Bartin and Giresun provinces, respectively, were PCR positive for B. microti, whereas none of rodents captured in Burdur and Yozgat were positive for Babesia spp. The sequence data of B. microti from rodents revealed that all sequences belonged to the zoonotic genotype. Sequences of B. microti obtained from rodents of the Bartin province were genotypically closer to European isolates, whereas those obtained from rodents of the Giresun province were closer to Russian and Mongolian isolates.Öğe On the karyology, morphology and biology of Chionomys gud (Satunin, 1909) (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Turkey(UNIV ORADEA PUBL HOUSE, 2009) Sozen, Mustafa; Ozkurt, Sakir Onder; Karatas, Ahmet; Colak, Ercuement; Matur, FerhatWe examined the karyotype of Chionomys gud for the first time from Turkey, and found the values 2n=54, NF=58 and NFa=54. The X chromosome was found to be submetacentric and the Y chromosome acrocentric. Counts of embryos suggested a litter size range of 4 - 6 (mean 4.66, N = 3). Glans penis was stick shaped and covered by numerous microscopic papillae. The baculum had a well developed cartilaginous trifit distal process. The stalk of baculum had a well developed and broad base. The base and the shaft of the os baculum were roughly triangular in shape in dorsal view. The skull shapes of young, adult and aged specimens had distinctive features; in particular, the sagital crest became more prominent in older animals. Much variation was found in the shape of the molar chewing surfaces.Öğe Optimization of ELISA and Immunoblot Methods for the Detection of IgG Antibodies Against Old World Hantaviruses in Wild Rodents(ANKARA MICROBIOLOGY SOC, 2016) Polat, Ceylan; Karatas, Ahmet; Sozen, Mustafa; Matur, Ferhat; Abacioglu, Hakan; Oktem, Mehmet AliHantaviruses infect humans via inhalation of viral particles in infected rodents' secretions such as saliva, urine and faeces or via direct contact with infected rodents. The rodent species that are known as the carriers of Dobrava (DOBV), Puumala (PUUV), Saaremaa (SAAV), Tula (TULV) and Seoul (SEOV) viruses are found in our country. The presence of specific antibodies against hantaviruses have been demonstrated in rodents collected from Black Sea and Aegean Regions of Turkey in 2004 for the first time. The first hantavirus-related hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) cases were reported in Black Sea region in 2009. The determination of the hantavirus prevalence in wild life and rodent populations in the field is crucial for the information about hantavirus-related cases and to clarify the state of risk. There is no commercial product optimized for the screening of rodent serum samples in terms of HFRS agents like DOBV and PUUV that are widely seen in Eurasia as well as Turkey. In this study, the antigens belonging to the commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and immunoblot tests that are produced for the screening of human sera were used for the development of antibody screening tests against hantavirus in rodent sera and were optimized. The most appropriate serum and conjugate dilutions were determined for the optimization of ELISA (Anti-Hantavirus Pool ELISA; Euroimmun, Germany) and immunoblot (Euroline Anti-Hanta Profile 1 strips; Euroimmun, Germany) methods. Optimized ELISA method was used for the screening and optimized immunoblot method was used for the confirmation. A total of 84 wild rodent sera that belonged to Apodemus and Microtus species were evaluated with this procedure and the cut-off value, sensitivity and specificity of optimized ELISA method were determined. For the optimization of ELISA 1/50, 1/100 and 1/200 serum dilutions and 1/10.000, 1/20.000 and 1/40.000 conjugate dilutions were tested. For the optimization of immunoblot, 1/50 and 1/100 serum dilutions and 1/5.000 and 1/10.000 conjugate dilutions were tested. The horseradish peroxidase conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG for ELISA and the alkaline phosphatase conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG for immunoblot were used. We followed the manufacturer's recommendations for the incubation parameters, substrate and the number of washes. 1/50 serum dilution and 1/10.000 conjugate dilution for ELISA and 1/100 serum dilution and 1/5.000 conjugate dilution for immunoblot were determined as optimal concentrations. By using the optimized ELISA, 26.2% (22/84) of rodents were found positive for hantavirus antibodies according the determined cut-off value (OD450/620: 0.325). By using immunoblot as a confirmatory test, 20 out of 22 ELISA positive samples could be studied because of the insufficient amount of sera and 17 of them was found positive in terms of DOBV antibodies. Of these rodents 11 were Apodemus flavicollis, three were Apodemus agrarius, two were Microtus guentheri and one was Apodemus sylvaticus. When the results of ELISA were compared to immunoblot results, the optimized ELISA's sensitivity and specificity were found as 100% and 95%, respectively. In this study, a method that can be used in the screening of rodent sera was constituted which uses commercial antigens that can be provided easily, gives fast and reliable results. Similar serological methods optimized for different types of rodents are of great importance for the realization of active follow-up and monitoring of the studies in the field.Öğe Phylogeny of species and cytotypes of mole rats (Spalacidae) in Turkey inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequencees(INST VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY AS CR, 2012) Kandemir, Irfan; Sozen, Mustafa; Matur, Ferhat; Kankilic, Teoman; Martinkova, Natalia; Colak, Faruk; Colak, ErcumentWe described the genetic variation of cytochrome b gene sequences of blind mole rats in Turkey. We examined 47 individuals belonging to nine cytotypes of three superspecies Nannospalax leucodon, N. xanthodon and N. ehrenbergi in the 402bp gene sequence of cytochrome b. Phylogenetic analyses showed that relationships between cytotypes were well supported, but deeper divergence between species showed insignificant relationships. Cytotypes of N. xanthodon with low diploid number of chromosomes from western Turkey formed a monophyletic group distinct from the populations with higher number of chromosomes (2n = 56-60). The monophyly of N. xanthodon was supported with respect to N. leucodon (2n = 56) in the Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenies. The divergence between two analyzed cytotypes of N. ehrenbergi (2n = 52, 2n = 56) was 9.4 %, and the Kilis cytotype (2n = 52) appeared as the basal branch of the whole analysed dataset. N. ehrenbergi cytotypes were paraphyletic and they formed unsupported relationships with previously described N. galili (2n = 52), N. golani (2n = 54), N. carmeli (2n = 58) and N. judaei (2n = 60) from Israel. The results of this study showed that the Nannospalax species complex most likely represents more species than currently recognized, especially in N. xanthodon. We suggest that cytotypes of N. xanthodon and N. ehrenbergi from Turkey should be investigated in detail as possible candidates for being separate species.Öğe Some karyological records and a new chromosomal form for Spalax (Mammalia : Rodentia) in Turkey(INST VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY AS CR, 2006) Sozen, Mustafa; Matur, Ferhat; Colak, Ercument; Ozkurt, Sakir; Karatas, AhmetThe karyotypes of 73 specimens of subterranean mole rats of the superspecies Spalax leucodon Nordmann, 1840 from 21 localities, and six specimens of the superspecies Spalax ehrenbergi Nehring, 1898 from three localities in Turkey were analysed. S. leucodon has 2n = 56, NF = 78 in the populations from Thrace; and 2n = 48, NF = 71; 2n = 50, NF = 70; 2n = 50, NF 72; 2n = 54, NF = 75; 2n = 56, NF = 72; 2n = 58, NF = 72; 2n = 60, NF = 74; 2n = 60, NF = 76; 2n = 60, NF = 77 in the populations from Anatolia. S. ehrenbergi has 2n = 56, NF = 72 in the Adana population, and 2n = 52, NF = 74 in the Elbeyli population. According to these karyological findings based on chromosome morphology, the diploid chromosome number of 2n = 48, NF = 71 reported here is new for Spalax leucodon in Turkey. The karyological peculiarities and distributional area of mole rats in the European part of Turkey have been determined in detail, and shown that only the 2n = 56 form is distributed in Thrace.
