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    Comparative Analysis of Fluoride Concentrations in Groundwaters in Northern and Southern Ghana: Implications for the Contaminant Sources
    (Springer, 2018) Sunkari E.D.; Zango M.S.; Korboe H.M.
    Bongo and Sekyere South districts, both in the northern and southern parts of Ghana, respectively, have high populations living in rural areas and most of them use groundwater for drinking purposes. The groundwater in these areas is prone to contamination from natural and/or artificial sources. Therefore this study aims; (1) to present a comparative analysis of the fluoride concentration in groundwater samples from Bongo and Sekyere South districts and the associated groundwater–rock interaction that may be the cause for the varied fluoride concentrations, (2) to determine the leaching potential of fluoride from the host rocks as the possible mechanism for groundwater contamination. Sixty (60) groundwater samples from active pumping wells and twelve (12) rock samples from outcrops were collected from various communities in the two districts for fluoride concentration and mineralogical analysis. Based on the variations in fluoride concentration, fluoride spatial distribution maps were prepared using empirical Bayesian kriging interpolation method and analysed by means of hierarchical cluster analysis. The fluoride concentration in Bongo district varies between 1.71 and 4.0 mg/L, whereas that in Sekyere South district changes from 0.3 to 0.8 mg/L. From the mineralogical studies, biotite has the highest percentage in the Bongo district and has positive correlation with fluoride concentration in the analysed water samples than in the Sekyere South district. The elevated fluoride concentration in the Bongo district relative to the Sekyere South district is due to the dissolution of biotite in the groundwater and the sufficient groundwater–rock interaction since the water samples are mainly sourced from deeper boreholes. This high fluoride concentration has resulted in a plethora of reported cases of dental fluorosis and other health-related issues in Bongo. © 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.
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    Hydrogeochemical appraisal of groundwater quality in the Ga west municipality, Ghana: Implication for domestic and irrigation purposes
    (Elsevier B.V., 2019) Sunkari E.D.; Abu M.; Bayowobie P.S.; Dokuz U.E.
    This study was conducted to appraise the quality of groundwater for irrigation and domestic water supply in the Ga West Municipality, Ghana. A total of 29 borehole water samples were collected for hydrogeochemical analysis and interpreted using hydrogeochemical plots and multivariate statistical analysis. The relative abundance of the major ions in the analyzed water samples were in the order Na + > Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ > K + and HCO 3 - > Cl - > SO 4 2- . Trilinear Piper plot shows that Na–HCO 3 –Cl and Na–Ca–HCO 3 –Cl are the dominant water types in the area. The Ca 2+ and HCO 3 - in these type of waters are primarily from dissolution of carbonate minerals whilst the Na + and Cl - may have been input from water-rock interaction with granitic rocks, seawater intrusion, and anthropogenic activities in the watershed. All the analyzed physico-chemical parameters are within the acceptable limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking except TDS, total hardness, Na + , and Cl - which could be as a result of solid waste leachate and marine water intrusion. The samples have low to medium sodium hazard values with high to very high salinity hazard values when plotted on the Wilcox diagram. This suggests that the water is suitable for irrigation purposes with regard to sodium hazard but a mixing of the high salinity water with low salinity water is highly recommended prior to irrigation to reduce the salinity hazard in the area. However, if the crops are salt tolerant, then mixing is not necessary. Three factors explain 99.8% of the total variance and suggest that water–rock interaction is the most important factor that controls the groundwater chemistry. Besides, some contribution from agricultural activities and seawater mixing are the other factors influencing the groundwater chemistry. These factors are indicated by the positive correlation among the individual hydrochemical parameters. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
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    Spatial distribution and trace element geochemistry of laterites in Kunche area: Implication for gold exploration targets in NW, Ghana
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Sunkari E.D.; Appiah-Twum M.; Lermi A.
    Kunche area is located in NW Ghana within the Wa-Lawra greenstone Birimian belt and is composed mainly of volcaniclastics, metasediments and some intrusive granitoids. The area is covered with laterites making it difficult to identify exploration targets. In this study, we describe a new methodology based on statistical tools and trace element geochemistry to map the pathfinder elements of gold deposits in lateritic context. However, the results of this study are specific to a particular context and cannot be extrapolated without supplementary studies to all the lateritic areas. In this respect, a total of 67 lateritic samples were collected from residually weathered materials and their spatial distribution was determined by means of the GIS-based kriging interpolation method. The samples collected vary from detrital to residual laterites/duricrusts and are hosted in volcaniclastic rocks. ICP-MS and XRF techniques were used to determine the element concentrations of the samples. The trace element geochemical data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate geostatistical analysis to establish relationships among elements. Fe-oxides such as goethite and hematite and clay minerals like kaolinite are the main secondary minerals of the concretionary reddish lateritic samples. All the analyzed elements showed asymmetrical distribution rather than normal distribution. Spearman correlation shows that Cu, Pb, S, As, and Ag have moderate to strong positive correlation with Au. From the multivariate geostatistical analysis, three element associations; a) Fe, Pb, S, Co, Cr; b) Ni, Y, Rb, Sr, Zn, and c) Ca, Cu, Mn, Ti, Zr, As, Au, Ag were observed. Threshold values of selected elements were determined using the median absolute deviation (MAD) method, which indicates possible anomalous concentrations in the laterites for Pb (?48 ppm), Cu (?46 ppm), As (?134.2 ppm), and Ag (?0.42 ppm). Multi-element mapping indicates that Pb + Cu + As + Ag is the most ideal association in the exploration of gold deposits. It reveals ellipsoidal anomalies comparable to the Au distribution map that suggest dispersion and accumulation of the pathfinder elements in the area. The geochemical anomalies are mainly restricted to the environment of the residual laterites in the Kunche area and we recommend that exploration programs should be focused in such areas. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd