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Öğe Effect of age, stocking density, genotype, and cage tier on feather score of layer pure lines(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2022) Tok, Selami; Sekeroglu, Ahmet; Duman, Mustafa; Tainika, BrianThe objective of the study was to investigate the effect of genotype, age, stocking density, and cage tier on the feather score of egg-laying pure lines. The trial was carried out with five white (BLACK, BLUE, MARON, BROWN, and D229) and six brown (RIR1, RIR2, BAR1, BAR2, COL, and LINE54) eggshell lines as classified by the Ankara poultry research institute. In the experiment, 162 chicks were randomly selected from each of the 11 lines; thus, a total of 1782 chicks (810 and 972 white and brown layer pure lines, respectively). At 17 weeks of age, pullets were chosen at random and placed in 3-tiered battery-type cages. Each tier housed 99 chickens (11 lines, 3 different stocking densities, 3 replications). The stocking density was 5 birds, 6 birds, and 7 birds per cage cell that corresponded to 720 cm(2), 600 cm(2), and 514.28 cm(2) of floor space per bird, respectively. Feeding was ad libitum during the growth and egg production periods. Feather scores of the head, neck, breast, back, wings, and tail regions of the chickens were taken at the 30th, 40th, 50th, and 60th week of age. The results indicated that age, stocking density, cage tiers, and genotypes have a significant effect on the feather score of the head, neck, breast, back, wings, and tail; feather score significantly decreased at an increasing age and stocking density (p < 0.01). It was observed that the feather score of the chickens on the top tier was significantly increased (p < 0.01). It was found that RIR2, BLACK, and COL pure lines had the best feather score. These findings suggest that chickens placed in top cage tiers with low stocking density (5 chickens/cage cell) and RIR2, BLACK and COL pure line genotypes improve feather score.Öğe Effect of different pasture species on growth performance, carcass traits, internal organ weights, and meat quality of slower growing broilers in free-range production system(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023) Bashir, Nadia; Şekeroğlu, Ahmet; Tainika, Brian; Özer, Cem OkanThis study examined the effect of Medicago sativa (A), Trifolium repens (WC), Lolium perenne (PR), and their mixture (Mix) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, internal organ weights, and meat quality of slower-growing broiler chickens in a free-range production system. The animal materials comprised of mixed-sex Hubbard ISA Red JA, which were reared in the deep litter system for the first 3 weeks, and thereafter, the pop hole in each of the indoor pens was opened to allow birds access to the range containing one of the above pasture treatments. The range availability was ensured from 08:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. The results indicated no significant difference in broiler live body weight, feed conversion ratio, and livability between 28 and 77 days among the pasture treatments (P > 0.05). No significant variations were observed in the carcass and internal organ weights among pasture types (P > 0.05). Additionally, while the dry matter content (P < 0.01), TBA value (P < 0.05), and fatty acid profiles differed (P < 0.01), the protein, ash, water holding capacity, and oxidation stability of broiler breast meat did not differ among pasture groups (P > 0.05). Moreover, while the values of breast meat lightness (L*) and brightness (b*) differed (P < 0.05), redness and pH did not differ between the sexes (P > 0.05). Furthermore, sex significantly affected ash, protein content (P < 0.05), and TBA value (P < 0.01) of breast meat but did not affect dry matter, water holding capacity, and peroxide value of breast meat. Also, there was a significant difference in the weight of the neck, breast, thigh, live weight, hot carcass yield, heart, liver, abdominal fat, and digestive system between sexes (P < 0.05). However, breast meat fat content and fatty acid profiles were not influenced by the sex of the broilers (P > 0.05). It was concluded that access to the studied pasture species has no effect on the growth performance traits but results in notable variations in the fatty acid profiles in broiler breast meat. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.Öğe Effect of different pasture species on welfare and behavior of slow-growing broiler chickens in free-range production system(Springer, 2023) Bashir, Nadia; Sekeroglu, Ahmet; Tainika, Brian; Gur, Fatih Mehmet; Duman, Mustafa; Senturk, Yunus EmreThis study investigated the effect of various pasture species on the welfare and behavior of slow-growing broiler chickens in the free-range production system. After 21 days completely indoors, the birds were permitted access to outdoor pens cultivated with one of the following pasture treatments: Medicago sativa (A), Trifolium repens (WC), Lolium perenne (PR), and a mixture (Mix, A + WC + PR). The range availability was restricted between 08:30 and 16:30 daily. It was found that pasture type had a significant effect on the fluctuating asymmetry of the face and radius length (P < 0.01). Duration of tonic immobility and blood parameters did not differ among the pasture species and between sexes at 11 weeks of broiler age (P > 0.05). Pasture treatment had no significant effect on broiler behaviors (P > 0.05). However, the age of broilers had a significant effect on pecking, dustbathing, and scratching (P < 0.01). Pecking behavior was affected by the time of the day; morning and afternoon (P < 0.01). Location had a significant effect on pecking and stretching behaviors (P < 0.01). In the study, dustbathing behavior was significantly affected by the interaction between location and age (P < 0.01), age and time of the day (P < 0.01), and location, age, and time of the day (P < 0.05). Scratching behavior was significantly affected by the interaction between location and time of the day (P < 0.05) and location, age and time of the day (P < 0.01). Stretching behavior was significantly affected by the interaction between location and age (P < 0.05) and location, age and time of the day (P < 0.05). It was concluded that access to the studied pasture species does not affect the evaluated welfare traits and observed behaviors. Therefore, it is suggested that other pasture species should be investigated to identify their effect on slow-growing strains in the free-range production system.Öğe Effect of Production System and Age on Egg Quality Parameters: A Case of Niğde Province Çamardı District, Turkey(2021) Yurtseven, Emine Polat; Şekeroğlu, Ahmet; Tainika, Brian; Duman, Mustafa; Şentürk, Yunus EmreThis study compared egg quality parameters in layers under free-range system with prefabricatedpens and backyard while emphasizing hen age. A total of 300 eggs collected from prefabricatedpens and backyard farming families in the Çamardı District of Niğde Province were used as studymaterials. The assessed external and internal egg quality characteristics included egg weight, shapeindex, shell thickness, shell breaking strength, albumen index, Haugh unit, yolk index, and yolkcolour. The effect of production system on albumen index, Haugh unit, and yolk colour score wasfound statistically significant. There was a significant effect of age on shape index, shell thickness,shell breaking strength, albumen index, Haugh Unit, yolk index, and yolk colour score. The effectof interaction between age and production system was statistically significant for shape index, shellthickness, yolk index, Haugh Unit, and yolk colour score. It was determined that the egg`s meat andblood spots percentages from the free-range and backyard systems were 10.6% and 15.3%,respectively. It was concluded that while eggs produced from free-range system are superior interms of egg weight, shape index, and Haugh unit those obtained from backyard hens are higher ineggshell thickness, eggshell breaking strength, and egg yolk colour.Öğe Effect of Production Systems for Laying Hens on Hen Welfare(2020) Tainika, Brian; Şekeroğlu, AhmetThis review article discussed the effects of various production systems on the welfare of laying hens. The global egg production capacity has been increasing with the evolving production systems which are driven by the consumer preferences. In developed countries, the egg industry has shifted from focusing on quantity and quality of eggs to asking questions of how these eggs are produced. Animal welfare issues emphasized by consumers in these countries led to the banning of conventional cages as seen by European Union in 2012. Such legal measures have uplifted research in various alternative production systems which are thought to be animal friendly. Countries that have adjusted to alternative systems such as free range are registering an increase in the number of free range eggs which is a positive sign for an industry that is willing to adapt and move forward. However, in developing countries, conventional cages are still being used because they are fundamental to the quantity of egg production which is a success indicator of the egg industry. In addition, lack of awareness within the consumers and local producers that birds are sentient has not helped the poultry industry in such countries. However, the alternative production systems have also not fulfilled all the behavioural needs of the animals and, hen welfare issues such as keel and bone damage are common in enriched and perched systems. Also, the high prevalence of diseases and parasites are observed with significant levels in litter floor and outdoor systems an issue attributable to the direct contact between birds and soil or faces. Due to the continuing welfare issues in all laying hen production systems, it is suggested that in addition to genetic selection for traits like bone strength, reduced feather pecking, research should combine both the modification of equipment’s or materials used in each production system and environmental factors such as illumination and temperature as an alternative to improve hen welfare.Öğe Effect of Using Drone Brood Cells as Traps Against Varroa destructor (Varroa Mite)(2021) Güneşdoğdu, Mustafa; Şekeroğlu, Ahmet; Tainika, BrianToday, the honeybee parasite Varroa destructor is thought to be the most dangerous creature in thebeekeeping industry worldwide. In this study, the efficacy of using drone brood cells (known tohave no residue concerns in bee products and harmless on bee health) as traps against V. destructorwas investigated. A total of 16 honeybee (Apis mellıfera) colonies with V. destructor infestationpercentage of less than 5% were used for the trial. The treatment group consisted of 8 colonies thatwere randomly assigned to molded drone comb (comb with 5.4 mm hexagonal cells). The other 8were assigned to unmolded comb to form the control group. In the trial groups, after 20 days (from10th May), all drone combs with complete pupation were removed and destroyed on 30th May,20th June, 10th July, 30th July, and 20th August. During the trial, varroa mite infestation rate (meanabundance), colony development, and varroa mite preference for drone and work bee brood cellswere determined. The results showed that the application of drone brood cells as a control methodwas statistically significant against V. destructor, and did not negatively affect colony development.On the other hand, V.destructor's preference for both drone and worker bee brood cells among thegroups was not statistically significant. In conclusion, drone brood cells ensured an approximately43% success rate as traps against V. destructor compared to the control group. The effectiveapplication of drone brood cells as traps in combination with other Varroa mite control methodsshould be investigatedÖğe Egg storage conditions and manipulations during storage: effect on egg quality traits, embryonic development, hatchability and chick quality of broiler hatching eggs(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Tainika, Brian; Abdallah, Nasir; Damaziak, Krzysztof; Nganga, Zacharia Waithaka; Shah, Tahir; Wojcik, WojciechThe egg storage conditions including the duration, temperature and egg turning and positioning and manipulations, especially prewarming and preincubation during egg storage, are consistently important components for poultry breeders and hatcheries. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of egg storage conditions and manipulations during egg storage on egg quality characteristics and embryonic development and subsequent effect on hatchability and chick quality. The egg storage duration and temperature have been deeply studied compared with the egg turning and positioning and manipulations during storage. Storing hatching eggs above 21 degrees C for > 7 d increases embryonic mortality and reduces hatchability. Concurrent with insufficient turning or cessation of turning and longer storage durations, these lead to increased embryonic mortality, reduced hatchability and compromised chick quality. Furthermore, it was identified that the potential mechanisms underlying the observed effects of egg storage conditions include variations in yolk and albumen characteristics, gas exchange and blastoderm development, which should equally remain in optimal ranges during storage. Meanwhile, during egg storage period, manipulations comprising prewarming and preincubation are recommended due to their role in increasing embryonic development, hatchability and chick quality. Generally, the effects of the storage conditions are highly associated with the breeder age and timing in case of manipulations during storage. Furthermore, it is essential that studies fully explore the genetic variability and the changes in integrity of external egg characteristics, such as changes in eggshell thickness and conductivity in relation to storage conditions, and their impacts on embryonic development, hatchability and chick quality. Conclusively, understanding the effects of egg storage conditions can help poultry producers implement appropriate strategies to improve overall production efficiency and profitability.Öğe Environmental Enrichments in Laying Hen Production Systems with Emphasis on Welfare and Egg Quality(2021) Tainika, Brian; Şekeroğlu, AhmetTo improve hen welfare, several studies have investigated various environmental enrichments thatsuit different laying hen production systems. The positive results of these studies can enable suchenvironmental enrichments to be utilized in commercial laying hen production. This paper reviewedthe effects of environmental enrichments in different laying hen production systems on hen welfareand egg quality. The successfully proven environmental enrichments in free-range productionsystem include forage, shelterbelt, and artificial shade in outdoor area and novel objects and Hshaped perching structures in indoor. These are associated with increased range use that positivelyaffects hen welfare. In aviary system, perches, and litter materials (e.g., straw, sand) asenvironmental enrichments are linked to improved behavioral expression, reduced stress, andenhanced immune system. Under the litter system, environmental enrichment with substrates (e.g.,pecking stones, alfalfa blocks, silage, straw, barley) has been found to increase the foragingbehavior of laying hens. This reduces severe feather pecking thus, improving the plumage conditionof hens. Although the effects of environmental enrichments on hen welfare have been assessed andscientifically proven in the reviewed studies, significant progress of their impact on egg qualitytraits has not been reported. The studies have shown that environmental enrichments have nosignificant effect on egg quality traits. Also, appropriate pasture or plant species as environmentalenrichments in free-range production system in relation to hen welfare and egg quality have notbeen identified. Therefore, it is important to continue studies on environmental enrichments whileemphasizing their influence on egg quality since it is a major performance trait in the egg industry.In addition, there is a need for studies to identify ideal pasture or plant species for free-rangeproduction system that positively affects hen welfare and egg qualityÖğe Factors Influencing Ranging Behavior of Different Strains of Hens(Springer India, 2024) Tainika, Brian; Sekeroglu, Ahmet; Abaci, Samet HasanThis study investigated the effect of plant species, month of the year, time of the day, and weather variables on hen percentage outdoor and ranging distance of Lohmann LSL Classic (LW) and Lohmann Sandy (LS) strains. Mentha piperita (M. piperita), Petroselinum crispum (P. crispum), and Medicago sativa (M. sativa) were studied. From 14 to 42 weeks of age, the number of hens outside and the distance ranged: from 0 to 3.0 m, 3.1-6.0 m, and 6.1-9.0 m from the barn were live counted at 9:00 a.m., 12:00, and 3:00 p.m. daily. Also, within the same time, the weather conditions (live observed), and the indoor and outdoor temperatures were recorded accordingly. More LW than LS hens were observed outside and more LS than LW hens ranged further than 3.0 m from the barn (p < 0.01). More hens were found in the M. sativa than in other plant treatments (p < 0.01). The percentage of hens outside and ranging distance increased at 12:00 noon, at an indoor-outdoor temperature difference of >= 3 degrees C, and in October (p < 0.01). Hen percentage on the range and ranging distance increased and decreased in cloudy and foggy weather, respectively (p < 0.01). Additionally, the interaction between strain and the month of the year, and the interaction between strain and the weather conditions affected hen percentage outdoor (p < 0.01). It was concluded that the hen percentage outdoor and ranging distance can be modulated by plant species and laying hen strain. It is crucial to consider these two aspects in further studies so that the ranging behaviors of hens can be enhanced.Öğe In ovo feeding technology: embryonic development, hatchability and hatching quality of broiler chicks(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2021) Tainika, Brian; Bayraktar, Ozer HakanThis paper reviewed the effects of in ovo feeding application on incubation performance and chick quality in broilers. Effectiveness of incubation and chick quality in commercial chicken broiler production have a decisive role in production cost as well as efficiency and are a prerequisite for sustainable production. To date, several studies have been done to improve incubation performance and chick quality, and significant gains have been achieved in this area in the last fifty years. The average hatchability and survivability in the sector have reached 85%-90% and 90%-95% respectively, and with new research, theoretical limits have been closely approached. In ovo feeding, one of the newest and technical applications in the incubation sector which successfully implements different methods and technologies in the area of performance and quality improvement has not yet been commercialized. Although in ovo feeding effects on chick weight and hatch properties have been evaluated and scientifically positive in some researches, sufficient progress for the spread of the application in the field has not been registered. Therefore, it is useful to continue studies on this subject, testing two or three interactions together with other supportive applications, and to investigate possible synergistic effects.Öğe Lighted incubation: embryonic development, hatchability and hatching quality of broiler chicks(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Tainika, Brian; Bayraktar, Ozer HakanThis paper reviewed the effects of lighted incubation (in ovo lighting) on incubation performance and chick quality in broilers. Globally, the broiler chicken industry is among the fastest growing commercial sectors. Chicken meat has the fastest growth rate compared to other common animal protein sources, and its demand will always increase due to increasing population growth worldwide. Therefore, a need for a proportional increase in hatchery efficacy is also increasing with this demand. Over the past decades, implementation of artificial light during incubation in broiler chickens has accelerated with key considerations such as light colour, light source, photoperiod, eggshell colour, pigmentation, light shape and light intensity. Photostimulation has a significant effect on embryo development during the last quarter (from 14 to 21 day of incubation). However, incubating eggs under light from day 1 to 18 improves embryo development and hatchability compared with lighting for 21 days. A photoperiod of 12 L:12 D improves hatchability, chick weight and leg health compared with 24 L and 24 D. High light intensity decreases hatching traits such as chick weight. While incubation under green light increases muscle growth and weight gain of chicks, lighted incubation with red and white light enhances hatchability compared with other wavelengths and darkness. In conclusion, it is important to continue studies on lighted incubation to identify the exact mechanisms of how other light colours impact embryogenesis and investigate the interaction or synergistic effects of a combination of two or more wavelengths.Öğe N ovo Feeding Technology for Optimization of Incubation and Hatching in Broiler Chickens(2020) Tainika, Brian; Şekeroğl, AhmetThis paper provided a brief account of the need of in ovofeeding technology for efficient incubation and hatching as driven by the current and projected poultry production figures. After substantial laboratory experiments in the early 1980s, in ovo vaccination technology became applicable in the commercial broiler hatcheries. The scientific theories that enabled the use of in ovo vaccination facilitated the process of injecting the various nutrient composition into broiler eggs/embryo (in ovo feeding) considering the injection site and the stage of embryonic development. Some studies of in ovo feeding have found scientifically positive effects on incubation properties but they remain insufficient at the commercial level thus, the adoption of the application is very slow compared to otherembryomanagementtechniques. Therefore,continuousstudiesonthebestnutrient compositions, combinations, and concentrations are required for the commercial use of in ovo feeding technology.Öğe The effect of housing environment (deep litter with or without access to different plant species outdoor) on welfare and behavior across two strains of laying hens(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2024) Tainika, Brian; Sekero, Ahmet; Akyol, Ahmet; Abaci, Samet Hasan; Gur, Fatih MehmetThe impact of the housing environment and hen strain on the welfare and behavior of laying hens was the focus of this study. Lohmann LSL Classic (W) and Lohmann Sandy (S) were assessed under deep litter without outdoor access (DL), deep litter with access to outdoor pens covered with either Mentha piperita (MP), Petroselinum crispum (PC) or Medicago sativa (MS). Duration of tonic immobility, feather condition, footpad dermatitis, and temperatures (comb, breast region, footpad surface, and rectal) were determined at 31, 42, and 52 weeks of age. Hen's behaviors were observed at 32, 42, and 52 weeks of age. Blood parameters were assessed at 52 weeks of hen age. Duration of tonic immobility was similar between hen strains and across ages of hens (p > 0.05) but nearly reached significant levels due to the housing environment (p = 0.070). There was a significant effect of age (p < 0.001), housing environment (p < 0.001), and hen strain (p < 0.05) on total feather score. Age -related effects were observed for all the body region temperatures (p < 0.001), and only the comb and rectal temperatures differed between hen strains (p < 0.001; p < 0.05). The housing environment did not affect the body surface temperatures (p > 0.05). Blood parameters did not differ between hen strains and housing environments (p > 0.05). There was a significant effect of age, housing environment, and hen strain on the proportion of hens expressing some behaviors (p < 0.001; p < 0.05). Time of the day influenced the proportion of birds expressing wing flapping and dust bathing behaviors (p < 0.05). It was concluded that feather condition varies with the housing environment and hen strain, duration of tonic immobility may differ across housing environments, but other welfare traits remain to be refined. Also, housing environment but not strain modulates the expression of most behaviors of hens.Öğe The potential of pumice as a litter material and its influence on growth performance, carcass parameters, litter quality traits, behavior, and welfare in broiler chickens(Springer, 2024) Duman, Mustafa; Sekeroglu, Ahmet; Tainika, BrianThis study evaluated the possibilities of pumice (light stones) as litter material in broiler production. Experimental treatments included wood shavings (WS), acidic pumice (AP), and basic pumice (BP) alone, and in combination; wood shaving + acidic pumice (WSAP) and wood shaving + basic pumice (WSBP) in a ratio of 1:1. Two trials were performed, one in summer, and the other in winter. Each trial involved 750 mixed-sex Ross (308) broilers. Also, there were 15 replicate pens with 50 broilers and a stocking density of 12.5 birds/m(2) for each pen at the beginning of each trial. Performance, litter quality, carcass parameters, body and leg abnormalities, body temperature, fear and stress responses, proportional asymmetry, and some behavior expressions were investigated. The litter treatment influenced the final live body weight, litter moisture, ammonia concentration, footpad dermatitis, hock burn, breast blister, hot carcass yield, heart, liver, spleen, abdominal fat, wing and neck ratio, breast and back cleanliness, and the expression of dust bathing and foraging behaviors (P < 0.01; P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a seasonal effect on live body weight, feed conversion ratio, livability, litter pH, 42-day litter moisture, hot carcass yield, back cleanliness, footpad dermatitis, hock burn, footpad temperature, heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and expression of pecking behavior (P < 0.01; P < 0.05). It is suggested that acidic pumice stone alone or in a mixture with wood shavings could be used as a reliable litter material, alternative to wood shavings.Öğe Welfare issues in broiler chickens: overview(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Tainika, Brian; Sekeroglu, Ahmet; Akyol, Ahmet; Nganga, Zacharia WaithakaDevelopment of quality welfare assessment protocols is a necessary step towards achieving high broiler welfare standards. Rapid growth rate and highly intensive commercial production systems have been highly associated with poor welfare indicated by mainly leg deformities, high stress levels and increased fear responses. Stress response in broilers is characterised by increased corticosterone and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio especially under heat stress, high light intensity, high stocking density, and an unenriched environment. Rearing environment, genotypes, high light intensity and human handling highly influence fear responses as proved during tonic immobility, open field, novel enrichment, and avoidance distance tests. Lameness which is usually visually assessed by a gait score scale remains an undisputable indicator of poor welfare in broiler production due to its effects on mobility and association with pain. Other leg problems including footpad dermatitis and hock burn also remain significant and they are highly associated with fast growth, high stocking density, poor litter quality, and poor or non-enriched production systems. Litter management and good ventilation are necessary to ensure good plumage conditions, reduction in ammonia emissions thereby promoting the well-being of broilers. Generally, broilers should be motivated and able to exhibit natural behaviours without straining including feeding, drinking, walking, and stretching thereby enhancing bird health, performance, production, and consumer satisfaction. Using a systematic approach, the important welfare parameters including stress, fear response, leg problems, plumage condition, environment, and behaviour are intensively discussed to explore the latest insights of broiler chickens' welfare.
