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Öğe A SERIAL-OPERATED CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION(PARLAR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS (P S P), 2009) Tuncsiper, Bilal; Ayaz, Selma Cikoglu; Gunes, Kemal; Akca, LuetfiIn this study, it was aimed to decrease organic matter and nutrient loads from the waters joining the drinking water reservoirs like creeks and surface flows by a pilot scale serial-operated constructed wetland (CW) system. The serial system consisted of a horizontal-subsurface flow (h-SSF) bed vegetated with Canna, Cyperus, Typhia, and Juncus in the first stage, a free water surface flow (FWS-1) bed vegetated with Salvina, Pistia, and Lemna in the second stage, and a free water surface flow (FWS-2) bed vegetated with Elodea and Egeria in the third stage. Organic matter and nutrient removal performances in different hydraulic and loading rates were examined and contributions of plants on treatment were also investigated. Planted systems operated at the same loading rates have higher performances than unplanted systems. The results showed that the serial system increases removal efficiencies from 67% to 84% for BOD, 56% to 73% for COD, from 41% to 77% for TN and from 40% to 59% for TP. The results of this study indicated that a serial-connected constructed wetland system had a potential for BOD, COD, N, and P removal and the treatment of tertiary treated wastewater.Öğe A serially connected sand filtration and constructed wetland system for small community wastewater treatment(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2009) Gunes, Kemal; Tuncsiper, BilalIn this study, a newly developed combined natural wastewater treatment system was used for the first time in the Village of Ileydagi, which has a population of 313 situated in the reservoir of Lake Egirdir, the second largest freshwater lake in Turkey. The combined treatment system consists of a combination of buried sand filtration (BSF) and buried subsurface flow constructed wetland (BSSF-CW) systems. The total area of the BSF system is 582 m(2) and that of the BSSF-CW system is 1352 m(2). Performance of the combined treatment system was 5% higher during the summer period than during the winter months. The average removal values of the combined system observed for a 14-month period were as follows: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 97%, total nitrogen (TN) 85%, and total phosphorus (TP) 69%. There is a strong correlation (0.81-0.97) between the loading and removal rates (g/m(2) d). This correlation is also statistically important. The results indicate that the novel sand filtration and constructed wetland treatment system is an optimal solution to the wastewater problems of small settlements. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe AN EXPERIMENTAL THREE-STAGE HYBRID CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM FOR REMOVAL OF ORGANICS AND NUTRIENTS FROM DOMESTIC WASTEWATER(GH ASACHI TECHNICAL UNIV IASI, 2009) Tuncsiper, BilalAn experimental three-stage subsurface flow constructed wetland system was investigated for the removal of nutrient and organic matter from primary-treated domestic wastewater. Built in the Turkey Scientific and Technical Research Council-Marmara Research Center, Gebze, Turkey (Istanbul), the system consisted of a vertical flow-gravel filtration in the first stage, a horizontal-subsurface flow bed vegetated with Iris in the second stage, and a vertical-subsurface flow bed vegetated Phragmites in the third stage. Wastewater was recycled from the vertical bed to the horizontal one at a ratio of 1:2 and 1:1. The study aimed at evaluating the effects of the loading rates and seasonal changes, effects of recycling and rapid drainage, plant uptake, and the effectiveness of the system in the removal of organic matter and nutrients. The average removal efficiencies were high in summer periods. The results show that the average removal efficiencies increased depending on decrease in hydraulic loading rate and increase in recycle ratio. The relationships between the loading rate and the removal rate were linear.Öğe COLIFORM BACTERIA REMOVAL FROM SEPTIC WASTEWATER IN A PILOT-SCALE COMBINED CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM(GH ASACHI TECHNICAL UNIV IASI, 2012) Tuncsiper, Bilal; Ayaz, Selma C.; Akca, LutfiSurface and ground water in rural areas where there is a lack infrastructure of sewage is exposed to a risk of bacteriological contamination. Combined constructed wetland (CW) systems appear to be the most feasible solution in preventing bacteriological contamination of waters in these areas. In this study, a pilot-scale combined CW system was designed to remove coliform source pollution in surface water. The system comprised a vertical, non-vegetated CW (Stage I), a horizontal-subsurface flow bed vegetated with Iris (Stage II), and a vertical-subsurface flow bed vegetated with Phragmites (Stage III) connected in series. Coliform bacteria counts (cfu/100 mL) were made in the input and output of all stages under different hydraulic and loading conditions. The average inflow coliform bacteria in stages I, II and III were 4.26, 3.51, and 2.07 for fecal coliforms (FC) and 5.15, 4.38 and 3.05 cfu/100 mL for total coliforms (TC), respectively. The system was capable of significantly reducing FC and TC in septic wastewater effluent. The second stage removed approximately 95%, with higher elimination than in stage II and III. The average overall reductions of fecal and total coliforms were approximately 99%. No seasonal effects on the average removals were observed. Average removal efficiencies were affected by hydraulic residence time (HRT) and input bacteria counts. TUKEY-HSD tests demonstrated that there were statistically significant differences between stages in coliform removal. The results of this study demonstrated that removal efficiency of the system may enhanced due to a longer HRT when single-stage systems are connected in series.Öğe Constructed and riverine wetlands design considerations for domestic and agricultural diffuse pollution treatment-a case study from Turkey(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2016) Gunes, Kemal; Tuncsiper, Bilal; Drizo, Aleksandra; Masi, Fabio; Ayaz, Selma; Tufekci, HuseyinIn this study, a riverine constructed wetland system (RCWS) was monitored with the aim to investigate its functionality and cost-effectiveness in treating domestic wastewater. Turkey's second biggest freshwater lake, Eirdir lake, is becoming polluted directly and indirectly with both domestic and diffuse pollution sources. In this paper we: (1) describe a water quality monitoring campaign on an existing long drainage channel where the majority of pollution originates from untreated urban sewage (2) discuss the design parameters and some considerations for a new RCWS to diminish and eliminate domestic and diffuse pollution loads originating from Gelendost and Yaka. In our design considerations, (1) we projected population increase over a 30-year period, which resulted in total 12,000 population equivalent, including the drainage network run-off originating from agriculture; (2) we aim to achieve 90% reduction in chemical oxygen demand, 70% of nitrogen (N) and 40% of total phosphorus. To achieve design objectives, we propose that the new RCWS consists of six horizontal flow CW and seven FWS systems, laid out within the drainage channel bed itself. This project would represent one of the few systems specifically designed to provide diffuse pollution treatment, and would be the first system of this kind in Turkey.Öğe Constructed wetlands as a potential management practice for cold climate dairy effluent treatment - VT, USA(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2015) Tuncsiper, Bilal; Drizo, Aleksandra; Twohig, EamonFour horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CW) were monitored to determine their efficiency at reducing the concentrations of five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and total suspended solid's (TSS) from dairy farm effluents in cold climate in Vermont during the four year study period (between 2004 and 2007). This study evaluates effects of seasonal variations, wetland age, supplemental aeration and design connected in-series on BOD5 and TSS treatment performances of CWs. Aerated CWs achieved higher BOD5 and TSS treatment efficiencies by 8% and 5% respectively, compared with non-aerated ones. The performances of the CWs increased with increasing age, and in the best growing seasons (between April and September) of the plants. The utilization of in-series design increased BOD5 and TSS removal efficiencies by 12% and 16%, respectively. In conclusions, the high treatment efficiency achieved by average 83% for BOD5 and 90% for TSS presented that the CWs had a high potential as an appropriate technology for daisy farm effluents in cold climates. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Domestic wastewater and surface runoff treatment implementations by constructed wetlands for Turkey: 25 years of experience(Elsevier, 2021) Gunes, Kemal; Masi, Fabio; Ayaz, Selma; Tuncsiper, Bilal; Besiktas, MehmetThe first studies on constructed wetland (CW) system in Turkey applied at the TUBITAK Marmara Research Center (TUBITAK MRC) in 1994. These studies carried out both in laboratory and pilot applications within TUBITAK MRC campus. Treatment performances were investigated by using different types of wetland plants in different types of wetland systems. After 2000, the real scale CW treatment systems where implemented in various regions of Turkey. Submerged horizontal flow systems (SFS-h or HF), free water surface flow (FWS) and various hybrid systems were applied in the Egirdir Lake basin. In order to treat both domestic wastewater and runoffs from agriculture, real scale CW systems designed in the Egirdir lake basin. Apart from these, the CW systems were built for the treatment of the domestic wastewater of 5000 people equivalent in the Konya closed river basin. Furthermore, pilot scale systems were carried out by using different types of wetland systems for the treatment of runoff from highways and railways in Sapanca lake basin. All of the treatment system has provided treatment criteria set forth in the regulations in Turkey. The biggest problems encountered in these systems are related to the operation and maintenance. Some systems have been inactivated because of not enough personnel have been allocated. In this study, applied research projects conducted in Turkey on CWs for 25 years were evaluated and relevant problems encountered presented.Öğe Investigation of Bacteriological Contamination In Kizilca (Karasu) Creek Feeding Akkaya Reservoir And Solution Proposals To Reduce Contamination(UNIV NAMIK KEMAL, 2017) Tuncsiper, BilalWith intention to the sustainable protection of surface water sources, researches made on bacteriological contamination in streams that pollute water resources are of great importance. Therefore, because Kizilca creek (Karasu) feeding Akkaya reservoir (Nigde, Turkey) is contaminated with high bacterial loadings, and its ecosystem also becomes dysfunctional, it is examined the change in water quality of Kizilca creek and Akkaya reservoir depending on the distance, their water guality parameters was analyzed between October 2014 to September 2015 periods, and determined their quality classes according to Water Pollution Control Regulation. Water samples were collected at monthly intervals from five stations chosen on creek toward downstream from upstream. The values and degrees of flowing rate, temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Faecal Coliform (F.Coli.) were determined for each station separately. Data obtained from the experiment results shown that Kicilca creek was in low quality standard (Class III) in terms of F. Coli. according to intra-continental water quality standards declared in water pollution law. As a results of studies, it was determined that creek was excessively polluted and a most significant threat to Akkaya reservoir.Öğe Large scale constructed wetland implementation projects in Turkey in Salt Lake Special Environmental Protection Area(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2013) Gunes, Kemal; Oktar, Beyhan; Ayaz, Selma; Gunay, Asli Suha; Ozden, Gurkan; Disbudak, Kutay; Tuncsiper, BilalSalt Lake, in ecological and economical terms, is one of the most important lakes in Turkey. The lake exhibits great biodiversity of plants because the lake and its basin are a natural habitat to various types of endemic plants which are resistant to a salty environment. The lake also serves as a habitat to many kinds of birds, especially flamingos. From an economic standpoint, Salt Lake meets approximately 70% of the salt requirement for Turkey. For this reason it is of great importance to preserve the natural environment of the lake. In addition to the various activities conducted for the environmental protection of the Salt Lake, a comprehensive constructed wetland (CW) project has been prepared and implemented for the towns of Sultanhani and Altinekin, where the population is expected to reach approximately 5000 by the year 2037. It entails the largest and most important subsurface-flow constructed wetland systems(CWs) in Turkey. Many site surveying research projects have also been conducted to support this detailed CWs engineering project. Each step of the project preparation and application are detailed in this study. A great deal of experience has been gained by Turkey and Mediterranean countries on large scale CWs.Öğe Nitrogen removal in an aerobic gravel filtration-sedimentation pond-constructed wetland-overland flow system treating polluted stream waters: Effects of operation parameters(Elsevier, 2020) Tuncsiper, BilalNitrogen pollution in streams can be controlled by serially constructing natural wastewater treatment (NWT) systems inside streams. Therefore, a pilot-scale hybrid NWT system consisting of gravel filtration (GF), sedimentation pond (SP), gravel filtration-free water surface constructed wetland (GF-FWSCW), and gravel filtrationoverland flow (GF-OF) was installed in order to prevent contamination in a stream (Nigde stream) that feeds and pollutes surface water source (Akkaya lake). The pilot-scale system was installed on a new 60 m-long channel which was located off the stream. Changes in ammonium (NH4+-N), organic nitrogen (N-org.), total nitrogen (TN), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations was routinely monitored in influent and effluent of all stages of the hybrid NWT system and the bottom sediment of the SP over a one-year operation period. According to the study results, while NH4+- N plus N-org. was reduced by an average of 75% (from 49,1 mg L-1 to 7,1mg L-1), TN was reduced by an average of 85% (from 50,2mg L-1 to 12,4 mg L-1). Colder seasons and higher hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) negatively affected nitrogen removal efficiency of the pilot-system. The use of vegetation and filtermediumhad a positive effect on the average removal efficiencies. The results showed that nitrogen pollution in polluted streams could be greatly reduced by establishing a NWT system in series within them. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.Öğe Performance of a pilot-scale, three-stage constructed wetland system for domestic wastewater treatment(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2009) Tuncsiper, Bilal; Ayaz, Selma; Akca, Luetfi; Gunes, KemalThis study investigates the effects of season, organic matter loadings, hydraulic conditions, recycling, and rapid drainage on water quality in a pilot-scale, three-stage subsurface flow constructed wetland (SSF CW) system. The pilot CW system consisted of a vertical flow-gravel filtration (v-GF) wetland in the first stage, a horizontal-subsurface flow (h-SSF) bed planted with Iris in the second stage, and a vertical-subsurface flow (v-SSF) bed vegetated with Phragmites in the third stage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of these CW systems to remove organic matter from domestic wastewater on a pilot-scale three-stage SSF CW system. Comparisons of average influent and effluent concentrations showed that the multistage system could effectively reduce total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels in effluent by as much as 98% and total organic carbon (TOC) by as much as 79%. Contributions of the first, second and third stages to the overall treatment were approximately 10%, 45% and 45%, respectively. The average TSS, COD, and TOC concentrations were reduced in the entire CW system by 70%, 80% and 90%, respectively. The BOD and TOC removal efficiencies displayed seasonal variations with average removals generally increasing in warmer seasons. Our results also demonstrate that there were strong correlations between removal efficiencies and loading rates. Average removals decreased with an increase in the hydraulic retention time (HRT). The rapid drainage and recycling operation increased the efficiency of BOD removal only.Öğe Removal of nutrient and bacteria in pilot-scale constructed wetlands(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2007) Tuncsiper, BilalThree pilot- scale horizontal- subsurface. ow ( H- SSF), surface. ow ( SF), and free water surface. ow ( FWS) constructed wetland system designs were installed and evaluated to determine the effectiveness of constructed wetlands to treat tertiary effluent wastewater generated from Pasakoy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant ( PABWWTP). The average ammonia- nitrogen ( NH4+) removal efficiencies of % 49 to 52% were observed in all three system designs. Average NO3- removal efficiency was approximately 58% in the SF system design, suggesting that this design had the highest denitrification rate. Total phosphorus ( TP) removal efficiency was the highest ( approximately 60%) in the h- SSF system, possibly due to substrate ( gravel). Systems were capable of removing approximately 94% of fecal coliform ( FC) bacteria. Removal rate coefficients ( k(20), 1/ day) in the H- SSF, the FWS and the SF systems were estimated for NH4+, NO3-, TP and FC. The average nutrient removal efficiencies were found higher in the summer periods except for the FC. The results of statistical analyses indicated that nutrient removals were affected by temperature, hydraulic residence time ( HRT), and nitrogen loading rate ( NLR).Öğe The ability of free water surface constructed wetland system to treat high strength domestic wastewater: A case study for the Mediterranean(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2012) Gunes, Kemal; Tuncsiper, Bilal; Ayaz, Selma; Drizo, AleksandraThis study evaluates a full-scale free water surface flow-constructed wetland (FWS-CW) system that was developed in 2005 to treat high strength wastewater in Garip village near Lake Egirdir in the Mediterranean (Turkey). This FWS-CW was the one of the first full-scale wastewater treatment systems of this type in Turkey and the Mediterranean, and as such represents an important reference for the application of CW systems in other regions with similar climates. This FWS-CW system consists of two stages, the first one being comprised of a 3-compartment septic system with the second one comprised of the FWS CW. The treatment efficiency of the system was found to be significantly affected by the pollutant loading rates, hydraulic retention time and temperature. Long term monitoring revealed that the system removed approximately 86%, 92%, 56% and 43% of the total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) from the high strength domestic wastewater, respectively. Therefore, this type of FWS can be applied as economical, environment-sensitive and very efficient for TSS and BOD for treating high strength domestic wastewaters. Alternative measures for improving TN and TP are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
