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Öğe Biotechnological interventions for removal of heavy metals and metalloids from water resources(wiley, 2023) Ozturk, Munir; Unal, Bengu Turkyilmaz; Turker, HuseyinUsable water resources, which are essential for the survival of living beings, are getting severely polluted due to rapid population growth, industrialization, urbanization, chemicals used in agriculture as well as other human interventions. Polluted water resources affect plants and microorganisms, thereby posing a great threat to animal and human health throughout the food chain. One of the most important factors involved in the pollution of our waters is the accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids, as their acute toxic effects should be overcome and these must be converted into less toxic forms following appropriate methods. In recent years, biotechnological methods are being preferred due to their lower cost and environmental friendliness as compared to the chemical and physical methods evaluated for the removal of heavy metals and metalloids. Some of these methods include biodegradation, microbial biosorption, mycoremediation, cyanoremediation, phytoremediation, and biosparging. The use of biological materials such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, lichens, algae, and plants has become one of the preferred methods for the decontamination of our polluted waters. The biosensors are also used to detect metal and metalloid accumulation in waters and have proved useful tools for the early detection of pollution and taking precautionary measures. This chapter will enlighten the latest developments and the applications in this connection. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe DEVELOPMENT OF A MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCOL FOR ENDANGERED HYPERICUM BILGEHAN-BILGILII BASKOSE & SAVRAN (HYPERICACEAE) SPECIES, LOCAL ENDEMIC TO TURKEY(Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2022) Turker, Huseyin; Unal, Bengu TurkyilmazHypericum species, are medicinally important and well studied for their pharmaceutical values. These species are gradually losing ground due to habitat loss, serious anthropogenic reasons as well as excessive collection from nature. Hypericum bilgehan-bilgilii is a local endemic species in Turkey. The population size is small and facing a threat. Keeping this in view there was a need to develop an In vitro ex-situ conservation protocol. Therefore an attempt was made to develop a protocol for callus induction, shoot growth, rooting and acclimatization for this endemic species. The nodal parts of the plant were preferred as the source of explant. These were cultured on a MS medium containing 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and Kinetin (Kin) in different concentrations and combinations. The best callus induction was recorded in MS medium including 1.0 mg.L-1 Kin and 0.5 mg.L-1 2,4-D with 6.2 shoots per callus. MS media with different Kin concentrations were used for shoot growth. The best shoot growth was observed on the MS medium with 2.0 mg.L-1 Kin. Shoots grown In vitro were subcultured to MS medium containing 0 5 and 1.0 mg.L-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for rooting. The best-rooting frequency (90 %) and rooting were determined in MS medium containing 1.0 mg.L-1 IBA. There were 10 root formations per shoot. The micropropagated plantlets were acclimatized in pots filled with peat and by this way, an effective In vitro tissue culture protocol for the species studied was developed and its sustainable conservation way was confirmed.Öğe Phytohormones used in the ex situ and in vitro conservation of Hypericum spp.(Elsevier, 2023) Turkyilmaz Unal, Bengu; Turker, HuseyinThe Hypericum L. taxon, which is the largest genus of the Hypericaceae family, has a very wide distribution and includes approximately 500 species. The species of the genus Hypericum attract great attention all over the world due to their medicinal properties. In vitro culture techniques are one of the most preferred tools for both micropropagation and the study of secondary metabolites of the genus. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are organic molecules that affect different processes of the plant, such as growth and morphogenesis at low concentrations. Naturally occurring plant growth regulators are called phytohormones. Phytohormones are generally known as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene, and auxins and cytokinins are the most important phytohormones for micropropagation. In addition, polyamines, jasmonates, salicylic acid. and brassinosteroids are used in scientific research as PGRs. Various concentrations of auxins and cytokinins are important in determining whether the respective cultures develop shoot formation (high concentration of cytokine and low concentration of auxin), root formation (low concentration of cytokine and high concentration of auxin), or callus formation (different concentrations of both) in ex situ in vitro conservation. The micropropagation technique, one of the biotechnological methods, is accepted as an effective alternative to traditional propagation methods since it allows many plants to be grown in a short time and limited area. The micropropagation technique is very useful in the protection of endemic and/or endangered plants, which have a low propagation rate and are very difficult to reproduce with traditional techniques. The establishment or optimization of effective micropropagation protocols is very important for the execution and maintenance of ex situ in vitro conservation programs. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.