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    Effect of survey farmers’ knowledge and practices on the yield of sugarcane in Pakistan
    (King Saud University, 2023) Khan, Faheem; Huma, Zelle; Shah, Ghulam Abbas; Turkyilmaz Unal, Bengu; Ozturk, Munir
    Sugarcane (Saccharum interspecific hybrids) yield is greatly affected by different pests in Pakistan. A total of three hundred and thirty-six (336) volunteer sugarcane farmers were interviewed and their fields inspected. Major pests were noted as; rat (Bandicota bengalensis), termites (Heterotermes indicola), borer (Bissetia steniellus), and leafhopper (Pyrilla perpusilla). These occurred in single and combined status in sugarcane fields. Most (147/336) of the sugarcane farmers mentioned four types of pests in their fields. In general 200/336 of the sugarcane farmers had applied pesticides in single and combined forms in their fields, they achieved a maximum average yield of 80 t ha?1. The number of farmers who applied malathion was 36/336. They achieved an average yield of 105.5 kg ha?1. Only one sugarcane farmer applied regent and furadon in combined form and obtained an average yield of 92.6 kg ha?1 in their field. Linear regression showed a significant relationship between average sugarcane yield and pest infestation (R2 = 0.9689) as well as pesticide application (R2 = 0.9128) in the area investigated. In total 299 out of the 336 sugarcane farmers were small size landholders up to 2 ha. A limited number (35/336) of the farmers visited the public agricultural extension department for information and application techniques of pesticides against pests. It will be fruitful if the public and private agricultural extension departments start awareness programmes on pest infestation among sugarcane farmers and train them to practice recommended pesticide applications in their sugarcane fields. © 2022 The Authors
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    Genome modifications in cassava
    (Elsevier, 2024) Imran, Hajira; Baig, Danish Ilyas; Jabbar, Warda; Gul, Alvina; Gul, Warda; Ozturk, Munir; Turkyilmaz Unal, Bengu
    Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a tropical crop, is consumed as a second major source of carbohydrates worldwide. Its origin traces back to Africa, and then it flourished throughout the world by becoming the staple food for more than half of the world’s population. Nowadays, this crop has become a center of research because of its economic and nutritional value. Besides having many attributes, cassava also needs improvement in various aspects, i.e., breeding practices, tolerance to abiotic stresses, disease resistance, and enhanced starch content. This has been improved by using gene editing technologies like TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases), ZFNs (zinc finger nucleases), mega nucleases, and CRISPRs (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) associated with Cas-9 protein. In addition to re-evaluating the importance of these strategies in cassava improvement, this manuscript also includes the biofortification, modification, and storage of starch, as well as the root production and postharvest storage of cassava. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Nanotechnologies for environmental remediation and their ecotoxicological impacts
    (Springer, 2023) Ejaz, Mahnoor; Gul, Alvina; Ozturk, Munir; Hafeez, Ahmed; Turkyilmaz Unal, Bengu; Jan, Sami Ullah; Siddique, Muhammad Taimur
    Environmental nanoremediation is an emerging technology that aims to rapidly and efficiently remove contaminants from the polluted sites using engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Inorganic nanoparticles which are generally metallic, silica-based, carbon-based, or polymeric in nature serve to remediate through chemical reactions, filtration, or adsorption. Their greater surface area per unit mass and high reactivity enable them to treat groundwater, wastewater, oilfields, and toxic industrial contaminants. Despite the growing interest in nanotechnological solutions for bioremediation, the environmental and human hazard associated with their use is raising concerns globally. Nanoremediation techniques when compared to conventional remediation solutions show increased effectivity in terms of cost and time; however, the main challenge is the ability of ENMs to remove contaminants from different environmental mediums by safeguarding the ecosystem. ENMs improving the accretion of the pollutant and increasing their bioavailability should be rectified along with the vigilant management of their transfer to the upper levels of the food chain which subsequently causes biomagnification. The ecosystem-centered approach will help monitor the ecotoxicological impacts of nanoremediation considering the safety, sustainability, and proper disposal of ENMs. The environment and human health risk assessment of each novel engineered nanomaterial along with the regulation of life cycle assessment (LCA) tools of ENMs for nanoremediation can help investigate the possible environmental hazard. This review focuses on the currently available nanotechnological methods used for environmental remediation and their potential toxicological impacts on the ecosystem.
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    Osmoregulation and its actions during the drought stress in plants
    (Wiley, 2021) Ozturk, Munir; Turkyilmaz Unal, Bengu; Garcia-Caparros, Pedro; Khursheed, Anum; Gul, Alvina; Hasanuzzaman, Mirza
    Drought stress, which causes a decline in quality and quantity of crop yields, has become more accentuated these days due to climatic change. Serious measures need to be taken to increase the tolerance of crop plants to acute drought conditions likely to occur due to global warming. Drought stress causes many physiological and biochemical changes in plants, rendering the maintenance of osmotic adjustment highly crucial. The degree of plant resistance to drought varies with plant species and cultivars, phenological stages of the plant, and the duration of plant exposure to the stress. Osmoregulation in plants under low water potential relies on synthesis and accumulation of osmoprotectants or osmolytes such as soluble proteins, sugars, and sugar alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, and amino acids, like proline. This review highlights the role of osmolytes in water-stressed plants and of enzymes entailed in their metabolism. It will be useful, especially for researchers working on the development of drought-resistant crops by using the metabolic-engineering techniques.
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    Phytohormones used in the ex situ and in vitro conservation of Hypericum spp.
    (Elsevier, 2023) Turkyilmaz Unal, Bengu; Turker, Huseyin
    The Hypericum L. taxon, which is the largest genus of the Hypericaceae family, has a very wide distribution and includes approximately 500 species. The species of the genus Hypericum attract great attention all over the world due to their medicinal properties. In vitro culture techniques are one of the most preferred tools for both micropropagation and the study of secondary metabolites of the genus. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are organic molecules that affect different processes of the plant, such as growth and morphogenesis at low concentrations. Naturally occurring plant growth regulators are called phytohormones. Phytohormones are generally known as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene, and auxins and cytokinins are the most important phytohormones for micropropagation. In addition, polyamines, jasmonates, salicylic acid. and brassinosteroids are used in scientific research as PGRs. Various concentrations of auxins and cytokinins are important in determining whether the respective cultures develop shoot formation (high concentration of cytokine and low concentration of auxin), root formation (low concentration of cytokine and high concentration of auxin), or callus formation (different concentrations of both) in ex situ in vitro conservation. The micropropagation technique, one of the biotechnological methods, is accepted as an effective alternative to traditional propagation methods since it allows many plants to be grown in a short time and limited area. The micropropagation technique is very useful in the protection of endemic and/or endangered plants, which have a low propagation rate and are very difficult to reproduce with traditional techniques. The establishment or optimization of effective micropropagation protocols is very important for the execution and maintenance of ex situ in vitro conservation programs. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Transfer of the wheat heritage of anatolia to future generations
    (Elsevier, 2020) Turkyilmaz Unal, Bengu
    Caused by global warming, climate change is one of the main problems around the world and affects the world agriculture industry. Being an annual plant produced more than 600 million tons per year, wheat has great economic importance around the world. Wheat is produced all across Turkey, particularly in the Central Anatolia. For the first time, wheat was cultivated around Karacadağ of the Southeast Anatolia Region. In Turkey, it has more than 20 wild species and more than 400 culture types. Wheat production constitutes a large part of the grain production (approximately 22.6 million tons annually) and is carried out in 26.5% of the total cultivated areas. It is estimated that climate change will affect wheat production—and thus food safety—at a significant level. For future generations, ensuring the protection and increase of grain, and especially wheat, diversity gradually gains importance. This chapter offers solution strategies by examining the impacts of climate change on wheat production and food safety in Turkey and around the world. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.