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    Comparison of Aeroponics and Conventional Potato Mini Tuber Production Systems at Different Plant Densities
    (Springer, 2021) Caliskan, Mehmet Emin; Yavuz, Caner; Yagiz, Ayten Kubra; Demirel, Ufuk; Caliskan, Sevgi
    Mini tubers are the starting materials of a disease-free seed potato production scheme. Low multiplication rates as well as non-homogenous tuber size distribution are considered the main constraints of a conventional mini tuber production system. In recent years, an aeroponics production system has been developed to overcome the aforementioned problems. It has previously been observed that this system allows multiple harvests with an average yield of 20-50 mini tubers per plant. Several factors, such as cultivar, planting density, nutrient composition of the mist solution, spraying interval and duration and lighting also affect both tuber number and tuber size. However, less attention has been paid to the association of these factors with the aeroponics system. This paper highlights the importance of planting density effect on conventional and aeroponics system. The mini tuber production performances of three potato cultivars (Hermes, Marabel and Sante) were compared at four different planting densities (25, 50, 100 and 200 plants/m(2)) under both conventional and aeroponics systems in two production cycles. The number of tubers per plant increased with decreasing planting density, being highest at 25 plants/m(2)and lowest at 200 plants/m(2)for both cycles. Mean tuber number in the aeroponic system was 19.85 tubers per plant at 25 plants/m(2)and 13.20 tubers per plant at 200 plants/m(2). As the number of tubers per plant decreased, so did their size. As planting density increased, tuber yield per plant both in aeroponics and conventional system decreased, but in general, tuber yield per plant was higher in aeroponics than in the conventional system. In the 1st cycle, the number of tubers per m(2)for Hermes, Sante and Marabel was 290, 364 and 334, respectively, in the conventional system and 787, 1021 and 1168, respectively, in the aeroponics system. Similar numbers were recorded in the 2nd cycle. The average tuber weight was higher in the conventional than in the aeroponics system. Tuber yield/m(2)in this study varied from 5.9 to 9.3 kg/m(2)in the aeroponics system, about twice as high as in the conventional system.
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    Effects of Growth Regulators, Media and Explant Types on Microtuberization of Potato
    (Springer, 2020) Yagiz, Ayten Kubra; Yavuz, Caner; Tarim, Cehibe; Demirel, Ufuk; Caliskan, Mehmet Emin
    Microtubers (MT) are an innovative approach for nuclear seed production in potato (Solanum tuberosumL.). They are produced under in vitro conditions using different protocols. However, content and type of growth media as well as explant types significantly affect the MT production efficiency. This study was conducted to develop an efficient protocol for MT production by evaluating different growth regulators at different concentrations, types of growth media and explants in two separate experiments. In Experiment 1, the effects of six different growth regulators, and their three application rates on MT formation were compared. The effects of two growth media and three explant types on MT production were compared in Experiment 2. As a result, our studies indicated that cotton based liquid MS medium containing 0.1 mg L(-1)Thidiazuron, and using whole plants as explant can be used for efficient MT production in potato.
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    Exploration of Climate Change Effects on Shifting Potato Seasons, Yields and Water Use Employing NASA and National Long-Term Weather Data
    (Springer, 2020) Yagiz, Ayten Kubra; Cakici, Mustafa; Aydogan, Nazlican; Omezli, Seher; Yerlikaya, Bayram Ali; Ayten, Sefa; Maqbool, Amir
    Climate change is a threat to agriculture but also presents opportunities and requires adaptation strategies. In many countries adequate meteorological data is lacking, so this is where NASA weather data are of assistance. We aimed to develop a generic and easily applicable approach to calculate the effect of climate change on potato yields and water need. We therefore used the NASA-Langley-Gaisma weather database which has data of thousands of sites worldwide. Comparing these with national data of a particular country, Turkey in this case showed that they compare well but diverge somewhat at the lower temperature range. The evapotranspiration (ETP) rate was not supplied by NASA, so we estimated this rate by multiplying the average daily radiation in MJ/m(2) by 5. There was a good correlation with actual ETP, and where there is a systematic deviation, it will not change conclusions when comparing sites and climate change scenarios. Next, it was assumed that potato crops are planted in spring when the average daily temperature is above 13 degrees C. When the average daily temperature reaches 22 degrees C and above, it is assumed that the crop is harvested as it gets too hot. For the highland sites with summer crops, this gave planting and harvest dates that reflect reality, but for the coastal sites, the time window with this method was too short. Since there is no risk of frost, farmers plant at lower temperatures, in local niches not covered by the regional met stations. The effect of climate change, higher temperatures, shifting planting dates and a CO2 induced increased growth rate on yield and water need of the crops was well explored with the LINTUL crop growth model. At unchanged rates of incident solar radiation and unchanged planting dates, an average decrease in potential yield from 94 to 83 t/ha is calculated. Extention of summer by 20 days on average causes decrease in the frost-free period, which leads to an overall increase of potential yield of the highland summer crops by 3%. The length of the growing season of the coastal spring crops is not extended; the season just moves closer to the winter with shorter day lengths and less radiation. So here yields are not affected by adverse high temperatures but are reduced by lower radiation levels. For both highland summer and coastal spring crops, an increase in the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere from the current 415 to future level of around 550 ppm is expected to increase the radiation use efficiency, so also yields by 25%.