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Öğe Chlorophyll Response to Water Stress and the Potential of Using Crop Water Stress Index in Sugar Beet Farming(Springer India, 2023) Yetik, Ali Kaan; Candogan, Burak NazmiField experiments were conducted in 2019 and 2021 growing seasons to evaluate the chlorophyll readings and crop water stress index (CWSI) response to full and deficit irrigation for drip-irrigated sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under sub-humid climate of Bursa, Turkey. In addition, the changes of soil water content under different irrigation treatments and statistical relationships between chlorophyll and CWSI values and ETc, root yield and sugar yield were investigated. Experiments were carried out in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Irrigations were scheduled based on the replenishment of 100 (S1), 66 (S2), 33 (S3), and 0% (S4) of soil water depletion within the soil profile of 0-90 cm using 7 day irrigation intervals. Lower and upper baselines obtained by measurements based on the canopy temperature from the treatments full irrigated and non-irrigated were used to calculate CWSI. The variations in CWSI values were consistent with the variations of seasonal soil water contents induced by the different irrigation practices. CWSI values generally varied between 0 and 1 throughout the experimental periods. In 2019, seasonal mean chlorophyll readings varied between 203.3 and 249.1, and mean CWSI values varied between 0.12 and 0.85. In 2021, seasonal mean chlorophyll readings varied between 232.7 and 259.3 and mean CWSI values between 0.19 and 0.89. Unlike chlorophyll values, CWSI decreased with increased irrigation water amount. In both years, statistically significant relationships were determined between chlorophyll readings and CWSI and ETc, root yield and sugar yield. The greatest root yield was achieved with a seasonal mean CWSI value of 0.12. An exponential equation determined as Root Yield = 10.804e(-1,55CWSI) between seasonal average CWSI values and root yield can be used for estimation of root yield in sugar beet farming. The mean CWSI values determined by infrared thermometer technique can be used in determination of crop water stress and irrigation scheduling of sugar beet cultivation under sub-humid climatic conditions.Öğe Determination of Diurnal Leaf Gas Exchange for Drip-Irrigated Kenaf Plant in Sub-Humid Climatic Conditions(Hard, 2022) Candogan, Burak Nazmi; Yetik, Ali Kaan; Sincik, Mehmet; Demir, Ali Osman; Büyükcangaz, HakanKenaf stands out as an important fiber source in the industry with its 4000-year history. Physiological properties have a great effect on the development process of kenaf. Physiological properties are significantly affected by seasonal air temperature changes and precipitation, as well as fluctuations during the day. The main reason for these fluctuations is seen as instant changes in environmental factors. In this study, it was aimed to determine the hourly changes of leaf gas exchange parameters of drip-irrigated kenaf plant and to examine the relationships between these parameters. Field experiment was conducted in Bursa, Turkey, which has sub-humid climatic conditions. For this purpose, net photosynthesis rate (A), stomatal conductivity (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate ( E) measurements were carried out on 18th September 2019 and 26th September 2020, between 08:00 h and 18:00 h. As a result of the study, while it was determined that A, gs, Ci and E parameters varied between 14.75-23.67 mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1), 0.23- 0.74 mol H (2) O m(-2) s(-1), 243-331 mu mol CO2 mol air(-1) and 2.67-7.37 mmol H (2) O m(-2) s(-1), respectively in 2019, they varied between 13.97-22.30 mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1), 0.29-0.58 mol H2O m(-2) s(-1), 217-278 mu mol CO2 mol air(-1) and 6.3-14.7 mmol H2O m(-2) s(-1), respectively in 2020. Different measurement times had significant effects on all parameters at the p<0.01 level for both years. As a result of the evaluation of the relationships between gas exchange parameters, it was determined that the gs-A and E-A relationships were statistically significant at the p<0.01 level for both years. On the other hand, in 2019 and 2020, Ci-A relationships were significant at p<0.05 and p< 0.01 probability levels, respectively. Information on the responses of leaf gas exchange parameters to weather changes occurring during the day in kenaf plant in sub-humid climate conditionsÖğe Determining the yield responses of maize plant under different irrigation scenarios with AquaCrop model(2021) Aşık, Mehmetcan; Yetik, Ali Kaan; Candoğan, Burak Nazmi; Kuşçu, HayrettinThe AquaCrop simulation model is a significant implementation used to determine the response of crop yield to water and accordingly build up new strategies to improve agricultural irrigation management. Since determining the appropriate irrigation program in the field researches will require many years and labor; it becomes convenient with the AquaCrop to determine the adaptation of crops to the cultivating conditions and to examine the impact of possible variables such as drought on crop production. In this study, different irrigation scenarios were created, and yield predictions were made with the AquaCrop 6.1 model for maize plant which irrigated by drip irrigation method in Adana conditions, Turkey. These scenarios were created by determining four different depletion levels of readily available water (RAW) amount in the soil. These depletion levels were 25%(S1), 50%(S2), 75%(S3) and 100%(S4). The highest grain yield value was found in S1 as 10.075 ton/ha and the lowest grain yield in the S4 as 9.837 ton/ha. The amount of seasonal irrigation water simulated for different irrigation schedules varied between 348.5–390.7 mm, and the evapotranspiration (ET) varied between 411.5-426.5 mm. As a result, S3 scenario has been recommended considering the amount of irrigation water and the yields achieved.Öğe Effects of Different Irrigation Intervals and Irrigation Levels on Yield and Quality Components of Processing Tomatoes and Economical Analysis(2023) Elmas, İlker; Yetik, Ali Kaan; Kuşçu, HayrettinThis study was carried out to determine the effects of different irrigation intervals (II) and irrigation levels (IL) on yield, quality and net income values of processing tomato cultivation in a sub-humid climatic zone in 2019. A split-plot randomized complete block design with three replicates was used for the field experiments. The II4-days (A) and 8-days (B) were determined as main-plot factor and different IL were established according to 100% (T1), 80% (T2) and 60% (T3) of the cumulative evaporation occurring in the Class A pan were determined as the sub-plot factor. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ET) values varied between 419 and 527 mm. The effects of different irrigation strategies on fruit yield, average fruit weight, brix and water productivity values of processing tomato were significant at the p<0.01 level. The greatest fruit yield was obtained in AT1 treatment with 111.65 t ha-1. The highest water and irrigation water productivity values were obtained from AT2 as 22.4 kg m-3 and 31.4 kg m-3 and the lowest values from BT3 treatment as 16.1 kg m-3 and 26.0 kg m-3 respectively. The yield response factor (ky) was determined as 1.7 for the growing season. The net income values of different treatments ranged from 213.49 to 5557.54 $ ha-1 and the net income increased with the augmentation inthe irrigation water applied. Based on the study results, AT1 treatment was recommended to obtain maximum fruit yield and net income. However, in locations with limited water resources, AT2 treatment which provides a reasonable balance between quality components and water requirements can also be evaluated.Öğe Evaluation of the Impacts of Climate Change on Irrigation Requirements of Maize by CROPWAT Model(Springer, 2023) Yetik, Ali Kaan; Sen, BurakIn the presented study, the eventual effects of climate change on maize farming under Mediterranean climatic conditions were investigated by CROPWAT Model. Irrigation scheduling and determining water requirements are of great importance in adapting the climate change. The CROPWAT model is a software used to calculate the response of crop water requirements to different climatic conditions and irrigation strategies. The reference (1961-1990) and the future (2070-2099) climate data determined by the ICTP's Regional Climate Model system version 3 (RegCM3) were used as climate data in the study. According to the results, the mean reference evapotranspiration of growing season in the study site will be 0.49 mm day(-1) higher on average in the future. In the period of 2070-2099, irrigation water requirements for maize will be 7.37% more on average than they were from 1961 to 1990. For the periods of 1961-1990 and 2070-2099, average crop evapotranspiration was calculated to be 480.1 and 513.4 mm, respectively. These simulation results revealed that irrigation scheduling in maize farming in Mediterranean climatic zones should be adjusted to the climate change.Öğe Investigation of Solar Powered Drying System Potential in Niğde Province(2021) Saygılı, Yaşar Serhat; Yetik, Ali Kaan; Baş, Furkan; Şen, BurakStorage of the foods obtained by plant and animal production is as important as their cultivation.\rCrops cultivated around the world lose 28-36% of total yield during the process from agricultural\rland to consumption. With the most of this loss occurs after harvest and harvest, it can be reduced\rby suitable machines and appropriate methods to be used. Niğde is in third place in the list of cities\rwith the highest apple production in Turkey. In addition, it is seen that the potential of the region to\rbenefit from solar energy is quite high with 8.02 hours of daily sunshine duration and 1550-1800\rkWh m-2\rtotal solar radiation values. In line with the information given, Niğde province stands out\ras an important opportunity for apple drying processes using solar-powered drying methods. In this\rstudy, suitable drying methods that can be used for agricultural products in general and methods\rthat can be used in Niğde province have been investigated and with the using the information\robtained from previous studies related to the region its examined that the solar drying system and\rmachines that can be developed for the province of Niğde are specified.Öğe Kısıntılı Sulamanın Kenaf Bitkisinde (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.) Verim, Verim Bileşenleri Ve Fizyolojik Özellikler Üzerine Etkisinin, Toprağın ve Bitkinin İzlenmesine Dayalı Olarak Belirlenmesi(2021) Candoğan, Burak Nazmi; Büyükcangaz, Hakan; Demir, Ali Osman; Sincik, Mehmet; Yetik, Ali Kaan; Yıldız, Cemal Faruk; Şen, EmreBu araştırmada, Bursa koşullarında farklı sulama suyu düzeylerinin damla sulama yöntemiyle sulanan kenaf bitkisinde agronomik ve fizyolojik özellikler üzerine etkilerinin ve en uygun sulama programının belirlenmesi amaçlanmış ve bu amaçla 2019 ve 2020 yıllarında tarla denemeleri yürütülmüştür. Deneme konuları; tam sulama konusu (S1), S1 konusuna verilmesi gereken sulama suyu miktarının 2/3?ünün (S2) ve 1/3?ünün uygulandığı (S3) konular ile çimlenme ve çıkış dönemi hariç su uygulanmayan konudan (S4) oluşmuştur. Araştırmanın ilk yılında, konulara göre kenaf bitkisine uygulanan toplam sulama suyu miktarları 115,0 (S4)-710,2 (S1) mm arasında, ikinci yıl ise toplam 165,0 (S4)-721,0 (S1) mm arasında değişim göstermiştir. Uygulanan sulama suyu miktarlarıyla bağlantılı olarak, 2019 ve 2020 yıllarında mevsimlik bitki su tüketimi (ETc) değerleri, sırasıyla 326-781 mm ve 300-725 mm aralıklarında değişmiştir. Deneme konularından elde edilen kuru biyokütle verimi değerleri, 2019 yılında 1201,0 (S4)-2244,3 (S1) kg da-1 arasında değişirken, 2020 yılında 852,9 (S4)-1795,3 (S1) kg da-1 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Mevsimlik verim tepki etmeni (ky) değerleri kenaf bitkisi için, araştırmanın ilk yılında 0,81, ikinci yılında 0,92 ve iki yılın değerlerinin birleştirilmesiyle 0,86 olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırma yıllarında su kullanım etkinliği (WUE) değerlerinin sırasıyla 2,85-3,68 kg m-3 ve 2,47-2,84 kg m-3 aralıklarında, sulama suyu kullanım etkinliği (IWUE) değerlerinin ise sırasıyla 1,18-1,72 kg m-3 ve 1,09-1,76 kg m-3 aralıklarında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kenaf bitkisinde kuru biyokütle verimi ve verim bileşenlerinde en yüksek değerlere ulaşmak için, S1 tam sulama konusu sulama programı olarak önerilmektedir. Diğer yandan araştırma sonucunda elde edilen ky, WUE ve IWUE değerleri birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, su kaynağı kısıtlı ise, S2 konusu su korunumu bakımından sulama programı olarak önerilebilir. En yüksek kuru biyokütle verimi ve verim bileşenlerinin elde edilmesinde, bitki örtü sıcaklığı (Tc), bitki su stres indeksi (CWSI), yaprak su potansiyeli (YSP), net fotosentez hızı (A), stomal iletkenlik (gs), terleme hızı (E), hücreler arası CO2 konsantrasyonu (Ci), klorofil okuması (KO) parametreleri için S1 tam sulama konusundan belirlenen sırasıyla ortalama 26,7 °C, 0,145, -14 bar, 24,50 ?mol CO2 m-2 s-1, 1,01 mol H2O m-2 s-1, 11,30 mmol H2O m-2 s-1, 306 ?mol CO2 mol-1 ve 285 değerleri sulama zamanının planlanmasında eşik değerler olarak önerilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda her iki yıl için; ETc ve CWSI ile fizyolojik parametreler arasında ve fizyolojik parametreler ile bitki boyu, gövde çapı, kuru iç verimi, kuru kabuk verimi ve kuru biyokütle verimi arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Tc, YSP, KO, yaprak alan indeksi (YAİ) ve A ile WUE arasında da her iki yıl için önemli düzeyde ilişkiler belirlenmiştir.Öğe MODELING CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS FOR SPRING BARLEY IN SOUTHEAST OF ALMATY IN KAZAKHSTAN USING THE LINTUL APPROACH(2024) Sabıtova, Aidana; Suleımanova, Gulnur; Kızıldeniz, Tefide; Yetik, Ali KaanBarley stands as a cornerstone in agricultural landscape of Kazakhstan, weaving through diverse climate zones, and annually gracing over 1.5 million hectares. The intricate interplay between climate and food systems necessitates thorough analysis and strategic measures to food safety and nutritional security, as the evolving climate significantly influences both the quantity and quality of our food resources. This study aims to employ the LINTUL-MULTICROP Model to assess how spring barley adapts to both today’s climatic conditions and potential climate change scenarios to elevated levels of carbon dioxide and temperature under the specific conditions of southeast of Almaty. Three different global climate change models were studied (GCMs); i) GFDL-ESM2M, ii) HadGEM2-AO, and iii) MPI-ESM-MR for historical period (1986-2005) under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 during the periods of i) 2040-2059 years scenarios, ii) 2060-2079 years scenarios, and iii) 2080-2099 years scenarios. Overall, the HADGEMAO and MPIESMMR models exhibited promising results in simulating yield, projecting an increase in spring barley yield for both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios in GFDL-ESM2M model case also demonstrated stable increase in rainfed conditions. In conclusion, it should be noted that in the conditions of Kazakhstan, the cultivation of spring barley tends to change to growth in the southeast of Almaty.Öğe Optimisation of irrigation strategy in sugar beet farming based on yield, quality and water productivity(Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2022) Yetik, Ali Kaan; Candogan, Burak NazmiPresent experiments were conducted to determine the effects of different irrigation levels on yield, yield components and quality of drip-irrigated sugar beet under sub-humid conditions. Field experiments were conducted in the 2019 and 2021 growing seasons in the Bursa province of Turkey. Experiments were carried out in completely randomised blocks design with three replications. Irrigations were scheduled based on the replenishment of 100 (S1), 66 (S2), 33 (S3), and 0% (S4) of soil water depletion within the soil profile of 90 cm using 7-day irrigation intervals. In 2019, root yields varied between 29.32 (S4)-86.31 (S1) t/ha and sugar yields between 6.33-13.57 t/ha. In 2021, root yields varied between 26.18 (S4)- 74.56 (S1) t/ ha and sugar yields between 6.56-12.53 t/ha. Effects of different irrigation levels on investigated parameters were found to be significant (P < 0.01). The crop water consumption values were significantly related to root and sugar yields (P < 0.01). Based on present findings, S1 treatment was recommended to get the highest root and sugar yields. In case of limited water resources, S2 (33% water shortage) treatment with the highest water productivity and irrigation water productivity values could be recommended to ensure maximum efficiency from the applied irrigation water quantity.Öğe Parsel Sınır Komşuluğu İlişkilerinin Bitki Deseni Oluşumuna Etkisinin Farklı Yöntemlerle Belirlenmesi: Mustafakemalpaşa Örneği(2023) Yetik, Ali Kaan; Dönmez, Serhat; Aslan, Şerife Tülin AkkayaBu çalışmada, parsel sınır komşuluğu ilişkilerinin bitki deseninin belirlenmesinde bir etkisinin olup olmadığı mekânsal veriler kullanan farklı yöntemlerle belirlenmiştir. Bursa Mustafakemalpaşa Ovası’nda bulunan Kumkadı, Ormankadı, Tepecik ve Yeşilova köylerine ait 4 259 ha alanda bulunan işletmelerin 2019 ve 2020 yıllarında belirlediği bitki desenleri meta veri olarak kullanılmıştır. Parseller arasındaki sınır komşuluğu ilişkileri Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi programı olan ArcMap 10.2 kullanılarak üç farklı yöntemle ortaya konmuştur. Bu yöntemler “Buffer (25 m), Thiessen Polygons ve Polygon Neighbors” olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde, Buffer, Thiessen ve Polygon yöntemi için bitki deseni belirlenirken komşusundan etkilenen çiftçilerin oranları sırasıyla %25.2, %24.7 ve %23.8 olarak bulunmuştur. Yöntemler arasında önemli farklılıklara rastlanmamış ve çalışma alanı olarak belirlenen köylerdeki parsel sınır komşuluğu ilişkilerinin, bitki seçimi üzerindeki ortalama etkisi %24.5 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu oranın sosyal ilişkilerin tarımsal arazi kullanım modellerinin bir alt belirleyicisi olabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.Öğe SIMULATING THE YIELD RESPONSES OF SUGAR BEET TO DIFFERENT CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS BY LINTUL- MULTICROP MODEL(2023) Yetik, Ali Kaan; Kızıldenız, Tefide; Ünal, ZeynepSugar beet is an essential crop for the sugar industry that have a very crucial role in agro-industry of Türkiye and Konya ranks first in terms of total sugar beet production and harvested area. The predictions, that the world's human population will reach 9 billion by the end of the current century and that demand for food will increase, are forcing farmers for the decision to search for new areas for agriculture or choose the crops that will be most productive in already cultivated lands. The aim of this study was to apply the LINTUL-MULTICROP Model for investigating the adaptation of sugar beet for the current climatic conditions and for climate change scenarios to show the response of sugar beet to an increase level of carbon dioxide and temperature. Four different scenarios were compared to check the effects of the climate change on sugar beet farming in the semi-arid Konya Region as followings: i) scenario (a) is the current climate conditions; ii) scenario (b) is the average temperatures increased 2 °C, iii) scenario (c) is 200 ppm increasing atmospheric CO2; iv) scenario (d) new optimum sowing and harvest dates in sugar beet farming and increased temperatures and atmospheric CO2 amount were simulated together. The optimum sowing and harvesting dates of sugar beet were moved 13 days back for sowing, and 8 days forward for harvesting. The highest yield was estimated under conditions of 2 °C and 200 ppm increased atmosphere temperature and CO2 levels with new sowing and harvest dates. The yields under irrigated conditions varied between 74.4 t ha-1 and 111.2 t ha-1. The irrigation water requirements of sugar beet were ranged from 618.8 mm to 688.5 mm for different scenarios. In conclusion, the cultivation of sugar beet tends to alter in semi-arid Konya environment.Öğe Su Hasadı Sistemlerinin Önemi ve Teknikleri(2020) Yetik, Ali Kaan; Şen, BurakDünyadaki en kritik yaşam unsurlarından biri olan suyun, etkili kullanımı gün geçtikçe önem kazanmaktadır. Nüfusun durmaksızın artması ve iklim değişiklikleri ile beraber; su kaynaklarının hem tüketim hızı hem de kullanım şekilleri tartışma konusu olmuştur. Bu konulara çözüm getirebilecek yöntemlerden biri de geçmişi çok uzun yıllar öncesine dayanan “Su Hasadı”yöntemidir. Su hasadı; insan, hayvan veya bitkilerin kullanımı için su sağlamak amacıyla, yağışla meydana gelen yüzey akışının toplanması olarak tanımlanabilir. Tekniğin mikro havza boyutunda çatı ve çiftlik sistemleriyle kullanımını görmek mümkünken; makro havza boyutunda ise vadi yatağı ve vadi dışı sistemler kullanılmaktadır. Su kaynaklarının önemli bir kısmını kullanan tarım sektöründe; üretimin devam ettiği kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelere düşen yağmur suyunun büyük bir kısmı, buharlaşma yoluyla veya akışa geçerek verimli bir şekilde kullanılamadan uzaklaşır. Su hasadı tekniğinde ise yağmur suları depolandıktan sonra tarım arazilerine uygulanmak üzere bekletilebilir. Yöntem; buharlaşma veya akış sebebiyle kayıplar yaşanmayacağından toplam sulama suyu miktarını arttıracak ve su kaynakları üzerindeki baskıyı azaltacaktır. Kaynakların yükünü azaltması dışında; toprak erozyonunun önlenmesinde oynadığı rol de yöntemin ana faydalarından biri olarak görülmektedir. Genel olarak uygun coğrafyaya göre uygun yöntem seçildiğinde; su hasadı düşük dış girdili bir yöntemdir ve uygulanması zor değildir. Birkaç istisna dışında, hasat edilen suyu iletmek veya uygulamak için enerjiye ihtiyaç duymaz. Bu çalışmada su hasadı yönteminin; ana unsurları, farklı kullanım alanları ve teknikleri hakkında bilgi verilmektedir.Öğe Toprak Nem İçeriğinin İzlenmesi ve Tayininde KullanılanYöntemler(2021) Yetik, Ali Kaan; Aşık, MehmetcanSu kaynaklarının etkili kullanımının önemi, dünya nüfusunun katlanarak büyümesi ve iklim değişikliğininetkileriyle beraber her geçen gün artmaktadır. Büyük bir su tüketicisi olan tarım sektöründe, doğal kaynaklar içinkritik öneme sahip olan suyun verimli kullanılması hedefinin küresel anlamda etkileri ve olumlu sonuçlarıolacaktır. Tarımda suyun verimli kullanılması hem aşırı sulamalardan kaçınmak hem de bitkilere su stresiyaşatmamak için önemlidir. Bu nedenle kullanılacak su miktarının belirlenmesi amacıyla topraktaki mevcut nemmiktarının izlenmesi bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. Uygulanacak olan sulama programının oluşturulmasıyla,düzenli sulama uygulamaları yapılacak ve minimum sudan maksimum verim elde edilmesi amacının ilk aşamasıtamamlanacaktır. Toprak nem içeriğinin belirlenmesinde uygulanan yöntemler doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak ikiyeayrılmaktadır. Gravimetrik yöntem doğrudan toprak nem içeriğini belirlemek için kullanılırken; dolaylı yöntemler,elektromanyetik yansıma zamanının ve frekansının ölçülmesi, elektriksel direnç yöntemi, nötron saçılımı yöntemive toprak su potansiyelinin ölçülmesi olarak açıklanmıştır. Dolaylı ölçüm yöntemleri, doğrudan ölçümyöntemlerine göre toprak nem içeriğinin izlenmesini uygulamada daha pratik hale getirmek için geliştirilmiştir.Ancak bu geliştirmelerin; ekipman fiyatlarının görece yüksek olması, çalışma aralıklarının sınırlı olması, insansağlığına tehdit oluşturacak unsurlar barındırması ve ekonomik ömürlerinin sınırlı olması gibi farklı sonuçlarıolmuştur. Bu çalışmada toprak nem içeriğinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan yöntemler hakkında bilgi verilmiş vesahip oldukları avantaj ve dezavantajlar incelenmiştir.Öğe Trends and variability in precipitation across Turkey: a multimethod statistical analysis(Springer Wien, 2024) Yetik, Ali Kaan; Arslan, Bilge; Sen, BurakAnalyzing trends in precipitation data is crucial for understanding the effects of climate change and making informed decisions about water management and crop patterns. The objective of the presented study was to investigate precipitation trends, analyze temporal and spatial variations and identify potential change points in Turkey throughout the period from 1980 to 2019. Precipitation data were analyzed for both regional and 81 meteorological stations in Turkey on a monthly, seasonal, and annual basis. Spearman rank correlation and Mann-Kendall tests were utilized to detect possible trends and Sen's slope test to estimate the magnitude of change throughout the entire time series. The average precipitation amount of Turkey was determined 639.2 mm between the years 1980 and 2019. While Central Anatolian and Eastern Anatolian regions had below 639.2 mm, other regions were above. The range of seasonal precipitation values were found for winter 128.7-320.8 mm, 108.9-260.0 mm for spring, 43.9-109.3 mm for summer, and 79.7-238.4 mm for autumn. The analysis of the data revealed no significant increase or decrease in annual values on a regional basis, with the greatest change on a seasonal basis being observed in the winter. The 40-year trends of annual precipitation data belonging to 81 stations were decreasing in 23 provinces and increasing in 58 provinces, and 11 of them (14% of the total) were found to be statistically significant. Moreover, November was found to be a month of particular significance in terms of precipitation changes across the country, with a decrease observed in 80 out of 81 provinces. Spatial distribution analysis showed that the magnitude of variation in precipitation decreased as one moved from the southern to the northern regions of the country.
