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Öğe Allozyme variation in bank vole, Myodes glareolus (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Northern Anatolia(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2013) Colak, Reyhan; Kandemir, Irfan; Karacan, Gul Olgun; Kankilic, Teoman; Colak, Ercument; Yigit, Nuri; Ozkurt, Sakir OnderA total of 94 specimens from 16 populations of Myodes glareolus, collected between 2004 and 2007, from different altitudinal distributions were analyzed, using 16 enzyme systems. We found that 10 out of 22 loci (Idh-2, alpha-Gpdh, Me, Pgm, Pgd, Mdh-s, Ada, Est-1, Ldh-1, and Ldh-2) were polymorphic. Group 1 included population from altitudes ranging from 27 to 605 m above sea level (ASL), and Group 2 were from altitudes ranging from 1003 to 1288 m ASL. The summaries of the genetic parameters also displayed differences between the 2 groups. The possible reasons of such fragmentation between M. glareolus populations were discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Allozyme Variations in the Genus Meriones (Gerbilinae: Rodentia) from Turkey(INST ZOOLOGY, BAS, 2013) Yigit, Nuri; Colak, Ercument; Saygili, Fulya; Yuce, DuyguAllozymic variability of 24 loci was compared in the genus Meriones representing 5 species in Turkey. The phylogenetic relationship of these Meriones species was established according to the variations of twelve polymorphic loci (Aid, Ldh, alpha-Gpdh, Ca-1, Ca-2, Gpi, Me, Mpi, G6pdh, Ldh-1, Sod, Ak). According to the patterns of allozyme variation, the percentage of polymorphic loci was found to be 12.5 in Meriones crassus, 16.7 in Meriones persicus, 12.5 in Meriones tristrami, 18.7 in Meriones vinogradovi and 8.3 in Meriones dahli. Interspecific genetic distances were found to be high, ranging from 0.032 to 0.332. Neighbor-joining and UPGMA dendrograms showed that M tristrami and M crassus have a high genetic similarity. The most diverged one was appeared to be M vinogradovi. It was also concluded that the genus Meriones is not monophyletic since M persicus, which belongs to a different subgenus, was placed between the clades of M tristrami, M crassus and M vinogradovi.Öğe An assessment on biometric differentiation depend on distribution of the Anatolian Jird Meriones tristrami (Mammalia: Rodentia) Subpopulations in Turkey(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2021) Yigit, Nuri; Colak, Ercument; Saygili Yigit, Fulya; Colak, Reyhan; Cetinturk, DeryaThe Anatolian Jird Meriones tristrami is a widespread rodent species in Anatolian steps. In the study, to determine the relationships between the subpopulations of species and to clarify their distributions, 233 adults samples representing Turkey under the 12 groups, according to their recorded geographical localities, were compared biometrically. For this purpose, measurements of the four external morphological and twenty-seven cranial characters of the groups were analyzed statistically. Despite the high similarity of their biometric characters due to their belonging to the same species, subpopulations were separated from each other with small differences. In the cluster tree (UPGMA), Manisa and Kastamonu subpopulations were noticeably similar with Karaman and Ankara subpopulations. Kilis and Sanliurfa subpopulations were linked to the Western and Central Anatolian groups, and these two subpopulations were observed to be close to the groups that include Malatya and Kayseri samples. Igdir subpopulation was among the Central and Western Anatolia and Southeastern Anatolia groups. The existence of these biometric relationships in the groups supports the hypothesis that the spread of this species to the west of Anatolia should have been by following a route from the north rather than the south of Central Anatolia. In addition, it is predicted that biometric differentiation between subspecies is formed by the effect of geographical features of Anatolia.Öğe Comparison of the effects of difenacoum and brodifacoum on the ultrastructure of rat liver cells(INST MEDICAL RESEARCH & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, 2016) Gul, Nursel; Yigit, Nuri; Saygili, Fulya; Demirel, Ebru; Genis, CerenWe used transmission electron microscopy to examine the cytotoxic effects of the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides difenacoum and brodifacoum on rat liver. A single dose of difenacoum or brodifacoum was administered to rats by gastric gavage and liver samples were taken after 24 h, four days or seven days. In the livers of rats treated with difenacoum for 24 h, hepatocytes typically showed increased numbers of lysosomes, as well as enlargement of both the perinuclear space and the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), while sinusoids were irregularly shaped and contained Kupffer cells. Similar irregularities occurred in brodifacoum-treated rats at the same time point, but additionally increased numbers of vacuoles, damaged mitochondrial cristae, and clumping of chromatin were observed in hepatocytes, and hemolysed erythrocytes were noted in the sinusoids. Comparable findings were made in each group of rats after four days. After seven days of difenacoum treatment, hepatocytes suffered loss of cytoplasmic material and mitochondrial shrinkage, while RER cisternae became discontinuous. In contrast, exposure to brodifacoum for seven days caused the formation of numerous vacuoles and lipid droplets, disordered mitochondrial morphology, chromatin clumping and invagination of the nuclear envelope in hepatocytes. Sinusoids in the livers of rodenticide-treated rats contained an accumulation of dense material, lipid droplets, cells with pycnotic nuclei and hemolysed erythrocytes. Overall, our results show that brodifacoum causes more severe effects in liver cells than difenacoum. Thus our microscopic data along with additional biochemical assays point to a severe effect of rodenticide on vertebrates.Öğe Contribution to the distribution, morphological peculiarities, and karyology of the Greater Noctule, Nyctalus lasiopterus (Chiroptera : Vespertilionidae), in southwestern Turkey(TUBITAK SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY, 2008) Yigit, Nuri; Bulut, Safak; Karatas, Ahmet; Cam, Pinar; Saygili, FulyaThe Greater Noctule, Nyctalus lasiopterus, was recorded from southwestern Turkey for the third time. The dorsal fur of the Greater Noctule, which also covers the underpart of the wing membrane, along with the forearm and propatagium, is uniformly dark brown. The cranium shows typical characteristics of the noctule bats. In addition to these, the exoccipital is convex and is markedly visible in the planar view of the skull. There is a small depression mid braincase. The dental formula is i: 2, c: 1, pm: 1, m: 3/i: 3, c: 1, pm: 2, m: 3 = 32. The diploid number of chromosomes and the number of chromosomal arms are 2n = 42 and FN = 54, respectively.Öğe Genetic differentiation of the Meriones tristrami (Mammalia: Rodentia) subpopulations in Turkey - inferring allozyme variations(TUBITAK SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY, 2016) Yigit, Nuri; Saygili Yigit, Fulya; Colak, Ercument; Colak, Reyhan; Cetinturk, DeryaAllozyme variations of Tristram's jird Meriones tristrami, which is distributed in the steppe and semiarid areas of Turkey, were studied using 24 loci of 83 specimens from ten locations in Turkey. Seven loci were found to be polymorphic. According to the patterns of allozyme variation, the percentage of polymorphic loci was 12.5. F-ST was found to be 0.44, indicating high genetic variations among M. tristrami; accordingly the Nm value (0.3157) appeared quite low. The UPGMA dendrogram, based on genetic distance, showed that the populations established two very close subclusters, and supported the idea that the westernmost population connected to the northern part of the central Anatolian population. As expected, the eastern population appeared to be more divergent due to geographic distance. Our findings supported that genetic isolation among these subpopulations might be caused by geographic isolation.Öğe Genetic variations of Turkish bank vole, Myodes glareolus (Mammalia: Rodentia) inferred from mtDNA(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2016) Colak, Reyhan; Karacan, Gul Olgun; Kandemir, Irfan; Colak, Ercument; Kankilic, Teoman; Yigit, Nuri; Michaux, JohanThe bank vole, Myodes glareolus, lives in deciduous forests throughout the Palearctic region. In Turkey, this species is distributed only in northern Anatolia (the Black Sea region) where these forests exist. This study reveals genetic differentiation among bank vole populations based on two regions of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b and D-loop). Populations in northern Anatolia are divided into two genetic lineages (the "eastern" and "western Black Sea" lineages) by the Kizilirmak Valley. While the western Black Sea lineage is close to the Balkan lineage, in accordance with their geographical proximities, surprisingly, the Uludag lineage, also situated in Western Turkey appears related to the eastern Black Sea population. The divergence time analyses suggest a separation between the Balkan and Turkish groups around 0.26 Mya, whereas the split between the eastern and western Black sea lineages appeared a little bit later (0.20 Mya). Our results suggest that regional refuges existed for this species in Turkey and that small-scale habitat fragmentations led to genetic differentiations between Myodes populations.Öğe Morphometric and allozymic differences between Bearded Tit Panurus biarmicus (Ayes: Passeriformes) subpopulations in a large wetland and a small pond in central Anatolia, Turkey(TUBITAK SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY, 2013) Saygili, Fulya; Yigit, Nuri; Cam, Pinar; Yuce, DuyguThe Bearded Tit (Panurus biarmicus) is a small passerine bird occurring only in wetland habitats. Three subspecies of the Bearded Tit are known from Turkey. The endemic subspecies Panurus biarmicus kosswigi has only been recorded from Amik Lake in Turkey. This subspecies is now considered extinct; the apparent cause of this extinction was the drought affecting the lake. Other subpopulations might be similarly threatened by habitat loss. Therefore, it is important to investigate the morphometric characteristics and genetic variation of these local subpopulations. In this study, body weights and 12 morphometric characters were measured for Bearded Tit individuals in the Eber Lake and Behicbey reedbed subpopulations. Statistically significant differences were found in extended wing length, maximum wing chord, and weight between the 2 subpopulations. Allozymic variation was also studied in the 2 subpopulations. Genetic variation was assessed using isozyme systems, and 8 of 21 loci (Pgm, Me-I, Me-II, Fum, Est, Mpi, Pgd, and Acon-M) were found to be polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci was higher at Eber Lake (P-95% = 38.1%) than in the Behicbey reedbed (P-95% = 33.3%). The mean F-ST (0.048) and Nm (5.0) values showed high levels of gene flow between these subpopulations.Öğe NUCLEAR AND ORGANELLE GENES BASED PHYLOGENY OF DRYOMYS (GLIRIDAE, RODENTIA, MAMMALIA) FROM TURKEY(Hungarian Natural History Museum, 2019) Kankilic, Teoman; Seker, Perincek Seckinozan; Aydin, Burcu; Altunbas, Derya; Selvi, Engin; Yigit, Nuri; Colak, ErcumentMolecular phylogeny, phylogeography and genetic structure of the genus Dryomys Thomas, 1906 from Turkey were identified by using partial sequences of beta-fibrinogen intron 7 and mitochondrially encoded 12S ribosomal RNA genes and also combined data of two genes. Within Dryomys nitedula species, both, nuclear and mitochondrial genes coherently separated the Thrace lineage from the other lineages in Anatolia. Contrary to this, complex and incomprehensible phylogenies were recovered for Anatolian populations of this species. The analysis of the combined data of these two genes resolved mentioned complexity and incongruity and made phylogeny compatible with the results of past studies for the relative position of the Anatolian lineages. Thus, the presence of four different lineages (one in Thrace and three in Anatolia) within D. nitedula in the localities exemplified across Turkey was confirmed. Genetic differentiation (K2P distances) between the lineages were moderate at the level of intraspecific diversity. In addition to this, genetic distance (K2P = 5.5%) determined between D. nitedula and D. laniger conformed the distance suggested for the separate species of mammals. Evolutionary divergence time estimations demonstrated that the probable divergence between D. laniger and D. nitedula and among its detected lineages started in the border of Late Miocene and Pliocene (5.3 Mya) and lasted to the beginning of the Calabrian Stage of Pleistocene (1.8 Mya) in line with the previous results obtained from fossil and molecular data.Öğe Passer hispaniolensis subpopulations in Turkey: allozyme variations and brief ecobiological notes(TUBITAK SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY, 2013) Saygili, Fulya; Yigit, NuriIn this study, Spanish Sparrows were recorded in numerous locations and specimens were collected from Samsun, Corum, and Denizli provinces in Turkey. The breeding subpopulations preferred various nesting sites, including wooded areas and White Stork nests. These sparrows were primarily observed in flocks of variable size and were rarely solitary. The largest flock recorded was found in juniper and pine woods in Denizli. We collected data on 23 allozyme loci to compare the genetic variation among the 3 Spanish Sparrow subpopulations. The low F-ST (0.1363) and high Nm (1.5842) values calculated from these data indicated that gene flow among the 3 subpopulations was high and that these subpopulations did not show substantial genetic isolation. The genetic distance (D) between Corum and Denizli was particularly low (0.001), and these subpopulations showed the highest level of genetic similarity found in the study. Conversely, a high genetic distance (0.028) was found between Denizli and Samsun. The genetic structure of these subpopulations also demonstrated a low level of heterozygosity in the total population.Öğe Phylogenetic and Phylogeographic Relationships of Populations of Meriones tristrami Thomas, 1892 (Rodentia: Gerbillinae) in Turkey as Inferred from Cytochrome-b and RFLP Analysis(Inst Zoology, Bas, 2020) Yigit, Nuri; Colak, Ercument; Markov, Georgi; Yigit, Fulya Saygili; Colak, Reyhan; Cetinturk, Derya; Seker, Perincek Seckin OzanThe present study aimed to reveal the relationship between the genetic diversity of Tristram's jird Meriones tristrami subpopulations by using cyt-b sequences, the amplified fragments of cyt-b produced by restriction endonuclease (RFLP; Msp I, Rsa I, Noc I and Hae III were used) and the distribution on the Anatolian Peninsula. Eighteen haplotypes were identified in the subpopulations of this species, with the highest nucleotide diversity in the Central Anatolia. The haplotype diversity was determined to be 0.970 among subpopulations. The fixation index (Fst) and the gene flow parameter (Nm) based on cyt-b sequences showed the effective gene flow between the western and south-eastern subpopulations. Both cyt-b sequences and RFLP analyses produced almost similar topology in the Bayesian and UPGMA trees, indicating a gene flow from subpopulations of the South-east to Central Anatolia and the Western Black Sea coast. The main factor for the genetic diversity is considered to be the intermittent distribution from west to east as a result of the great altitude of the Eastern Anatolian Plateau as well as the sea and lake system fragmenting the territory of Anatolia in the Pliocene - Pleistocene Age.Öğe The Effects of Diflubenzuron on Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) Activity and Liver Ultrastructure in Wistar Rats(Gazi Univ, 2023) Gul, Nursel; Yigit, Nuri; Yigit, Fulya Saygili; Ozcelik, Eda Yazici; Eskizengin, HakanDiflubenzuron is a commonly used larvicide/biocidal substance. The present study aimed to reveal the effects of diflubenzuron on Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymatic activity and liver histopathology of a mammalian species (rats). The animals fed with various doses of diflubenzuron and the liver tissues of rats were taken on the 10th, 20th, 25th, 45th days and sixth month. AChE activity of liver was measured by spectrophotometer. Tissues were embedded in Araldite 502 (Sigma), took ultrathin sections, and examined under a 100 CX II Transmission Electron Microscope. AChE activity in the chronic dose of diflubenzuron group was like that in the control group. The enzymatic activity in the subacute dose was found to be significantly different from the control group. After subacute dose exposure was terminated, the AChE activity was still lower on the 45th day compared with the control group. Chronic and subacute doses caused adverse effects to liver tissues, such as numerous mitochondria, abnormally structured nuclei in the hepatocytes and many lipid droplets in the sinusoids of the liver ultrastructure. After the subacute dose was terminated, liver damage was still observed on the 20th and 25th days, but the liver tissue was partly regenerated on the 45th day. Cellular damage might recover after 45 days, but AChE activity probably takes more time to reach a normal level.Öğe Vkorc1 gene polymorphisms confer resistance to anticoagulant rodenticide in Turkish rats(Peerj Inc, 2023) Yigit, Nuri; Duman, Mustafa T.; Cetinturk, Derya; Saygili-Yigit, Fulya; Colak, Ercument; Colak, ReyhanMutations in Exon 1, 2 and 3 of the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (Vkorc1) gene are known to lead to anticoagulant rodenticide resistance. In order to investigate their putative resistance in rodenticides, we studied the genetic profile of the Vkorc1 gene in Turkish black rats (Rattus rattus) and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus). In this context, previously recorded Ala21Thr mutation (R. rattus) in Exon 1 region, Ile90Leu mutation (R. rattus, R. norvegicus) in Exon 2 region and Leu120Gln mutation (R. norvegicus) in Exon 3 region were identified as missense mutationscausing amino acid changes. Ala21Thr mutation was first detected in one specimen of Turkish black rat despite the uncertainty of its relevance to resistance. Ile90Leu mutation accepted as neutral variant was detected in most of black rat specimens. Leu120Gln mutation related to anticoagulant rodenticide resistance was found in only one brown rat specimen. Furthermore, Ser74Asn, Gln77Pro (black rat) and Ser79Pro (brown rat) mutations that cause amino acid changes in the Exon 2 region but unclear whether they cause resistance were identified. In addition, silent mutationswhich do not cause amino acid changes were also defined; these mutations were Arg12Arg mutation in Exon 1 region, His68His, Ser81Ser, Ile82Ile and Leu94Leu mutations in Exon 2 region and Ile107Ile, Thr137Thr, Ala143Ala and Gln152Gln mutations in Exon 3 region. These silent mutations were found in both species except for Ser81Ser which was determined in only brown rats.
