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    Can the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cause choroiditis and optic neuropathy?
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2021) Zor, Kuraad Ramazan; Bicer, Gamze Yildirim; Gunaydin, Nesrin Tutas; Kucuk, Erkut; Yilmaz, Ugur
    Objectives: We aim to investigate the involvement of the choroid and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in COVID-19 patients using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2020. 40 patients (23 female and 17 male) with COVID-19 and 42 healthy individuals (26 female and 16 male) were included in the study. The OCT scans were performed 4 weeks after the COVID-19 diagnosis. Results: In the COVID-19 group, in the right eyes, the mean nasal choroidal thickness was 295.70 +/- 7,046 mu m (p = 0.017), mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 333.25 +/- 6,353 mu m (p = 0.003), mean temporal choroidal thickness was 296.63 +/- 6,324 mu m (p = 0.039), and mean RNFL was 89.23 +/- 1.30 mu m (p = 0.227). In the left eyes, mean nasal choroidal thickness was 287.88 +/- 9,033 mu m (p = 0.267), mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 333.80 +/- 9,457 mu m (p = 0.013), mean temporal choroidal thickness was 298.50 +/- 9,158 mu m (p = 0.079), and mean RNFL was 89.48 +/- 1,289 mu m (p = 0.092). Compared with the control group, the patient group had significant thickening of the choroidal thickness in all quadrants of the right eyes, and significant thickening of the subfoveal choroidal thickness in the left eyes. There was no significant difference in the RNFL thickness between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: COVID-19 may cause a subclinical involvement in the choroidal layer.
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    Causes of Blindness and Moderate to Severe Visual Impairment in Nigde, Central Anatolia, Turkey
    (Erciyes Univ Sch Medicine, 2019) Kucuk, Erkut; Zor, Kursad Ramazan; Yilmaz, Ugur
    Objective: We investigated the causes of blindness and moderate to severe visual impairment (MSVI) in the Nigde province of Turkey using the disability health board records of the Nigde State Hospital. Materials and Methods: The disability health board reports of Nigde State Hospital recorded between 2011 and 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. The causes of blindness and MSVI were determined using the cause in the better-seeing eye, based on World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The overall, age-related, and gender specific causes of blindness and MSVI were identified. Results: During the study period, 335 subjects were recorded as blind and 381 subjects were recorded as having MSVI. The main causes of blindness were retinitis pigmentosa (14.6%), age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (12.2%), and diabetic retinopathy (12.2%). In the MSVI group, the main causes were cataract (18.4%), AMD (16.5%), and diabetic retinopathy (13.9%). Conclusion: Retinitis pigmentosa, AMD, and diabetic retinopathy were the leading causes of blindness, and, in addition to these, cataract was a prominent cause of MSVI. The prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa was unexpectedly high in this region of Turkey, which may be due to the high frequency of consanguineous marriages that are commonly seen in Middle Eastern countries. This information is important for planning public health policies and raising public awareness of the visual impairment, given that several leading causes of visual impairment are reversible or preventable.
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    Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin E Regulate the Bioactivity of Human Corneal Fibroblast Cells
    (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2024) Zor, Kursad Ramazan; Yilmaz, Ugur; Bozkurt, Serife Buket
    Purpose: Corneal fibroblasts are involved in the wound healing of the cornea with proliferation, migration, and differentiation processes. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and vitamin E can enhance corneal wound healing when applied after a corneal lesion as an eye drop. Thus, this study was performed to determine the potential efficiency of a CoQ10 ophthalmical solution containing a CoQ10 and vitamin E D-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)-derived formulation in human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) in vitro.Methods: Primary HCFs were obtained from cadaveric corneal tissue, and cell viability was determined using MTT assay at 24 and 72 h. Cell migration was evaluated using an in vitro wound healing assay, and mRNA expressions of collagen type I (COL-I), collagen type III (COL-III), lumican, hyaluronan, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were assessed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction at 24 and 72 h.Results: At various concentrations of CoQ10 ophthalmical solution (CoQ10-os), cell viability and wound healing rates of HCFs increased compared with the control group. The expressions of COL-I, COL-III, lumican, and hyaluronan were increased by CoQ10-os, whereas those of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 were not affected by CoQ10-os at 24 and 72 h. In treating HCFs with a CoQ10-os medium, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8 decreased, whereas IL-10 was significantly increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner.Conclusions: The findings indicate that CoQ10 and vitamin E-TPGS are potent regulators of the bioactivity of HCFs, thus supporting their potential application as ophthalmical solutions in therapies aimed at the fast regeneration of damaged cornea tissues.