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    Corneal epithelial damage and impaired tear functions in patients with inflamed pinguecula
    (Hindawi Limited, 2018) Küçük E.; Yilmaz U.; Zor K.R.
    Purpose. In this study, we evaluated corneal epithelial integrity and tear film parameters in patients with inflamed pinguecula and compared these findings with their fellow eyes and with healthy controls. Methods. We evaluated the fluorescein staining properties and performed the tear break-up time (TBUT) test and Schirmer 2 test (ST2) measurements of 32 patients who had symptomatic unilateral inflamed pinguecula and compared the results with their fellow eyes and also with an age- and sex-matched control group. Results. Twenty-three eyes (72%) in the inflamed pinguecula group and 1 eye (3.1%) in the fellow eyes group had punctate epithelial staining (PES) or epithelial defect on the nasal cornea (p < 0.001).There was no PES or epithelial defect in the control group. Eyes with inflamed pinguecula (n = 32) had lower TBUT and ST2 values compared to the control group (n = 32) (p < 0.001 for both). Fellow eyes (n = 32) also had lower TBUT and ST2 values compared to the control group (p =0.003 for both).There was no difference in the TBUT and ST2 results between the eyes with inflamed pinguecula and fellow eyes (p =0.286 and p = 0.951, respectively). Conclusion. A high percentage of eyes with inflamed pinguecula had nasal corneal epithelial staining or epithelial defect. We also found lower TBUT and ST2 results in eyes with inflamed pinguecula and the fellow eyes compared to the control group.These findings may be important in pathogenesis of pinguecula and pterygium and also in uncovering their relation. © 2018 ErkutKüçük et al.
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    Dry eye disease and depression-anxiety-stress: A hospital-based case control study in Turkey
    (Professional Medical Publications, 2015) Yilmaz U.; Gökler M.E.; Unsal A.
    Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between dry eye disease (DED) and psychosomatic conditions, such as depression, stress, and anxiety, and the distribution of associated risk factors. Methods: In this case control study, the sample consisted of 121 DED subjects and 242 control subjects. Each subjects was diagnosed as having DED or not by an ophthalmologist. Ocular Surface Disease Index and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales were administered to all subjects. Data were analysed using chi-square and Mann Whitney U tests as a univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression as a multivariate analysis. Results: Of 1,458 consecutive outpatients, clinically diagnosed DED was present in 121 individuals (8.3%). There was a significant relationship of family history of DED (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.84-2.41), chronic disease history (OR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.66-4.87), OSDI score (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.97–4.06), depression (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.30-3.27), anxiety (OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.67-4.23), and stress (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.48-3.67) with DED. Conclusion: Individuals with depression, anxiety and stress are more likely to experience DED. In addition to confirming some well-known risk factors, this study has found new associations between DED and a family history of DED and the presence of stress. © 2015, Professional Medical Publications. All rights reserved.
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    Retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness measurement in patients with schizophrenia
    (Wichtig Publishing Srl, 2016) Yilmaz U.; Küçük E.; Ülgen A.; Özköse A.; Demircan S.; Ulusoy D.M.; Zararsiz G.
    Purpose: To investigate the retina and macular thickness in patients with schizophrenia and to compare the results with those of healthy controls. Methods: Sixty-eight eyes of 34 patients with schizophrenia and 60 eyes of 30 randomly selected healthy volunteers were involved in the study. Measurements of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, macula thickness, and macula volume were taken in both eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0. Results: Average and nasal RNFL thicknesses were found to be significantly lower in the patient group than the control group (p = 0.030, p = 0.04, respectively). Macular thicknesses of nasal outer and inferior outer quadrants in the patient group were significantly lower than in the control group (p = 0.009, p = 0.027, respectively). Average macular thickness and macular thicknesses in the superior outer, superior inner, temporal outer, temporal inner, nasal inner, and inferior inner areas were lower in the patient group compared to the control group, but not significantly (p = 1.000, p = 1.000, p = 0.837, p = 1.000, p = 0.279, p = 1.000, p = 0.180, respectively). Conclusions: We detected RNFL and macular thinning in patients with schizophrenia. Based on these findings and results of other studies evaluating retina using OCT and brain magnetic resonance imaging studies in patients with schizophrenia, a neurodegenerative process may be an underlying pathologic mechanism in this disease. © 2015 Wichtig Publishing.