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    Geochemical evolution and tracing of groundwater salinization using different ionic ratios, multivariate statistical and geochemical modeling approaches in a typical semi-arid basin
    (Elsevier, 2021) Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba; Abu, Mahamuda; Zango, Musah Saeed
    The vulnerability of semi-arid basin aquifers to long-term salinization due to the dissolution of groundwater chemical constituents is a major global problem. Despite this, resilient techniques of tracing the sources of groundwater salinization in semi-arid basin aquifers are still evolving due to the aquifer complexities. This study proves the effectiveness of the use of different ionic ratios, multivariate statistical, and geochemical modeling approaches to understand groundwater evolution and trace salinization in the semi-arid Pru Basin of Ghana. The basin is homogeneously composed of argillaceous sediments of the Oti/Pendjari Group of the Voltaian Supergroup. A total of 81 samples from hand-dug wells and boreholes within the Pru Formation of the Oti/Pendjari Group in the basin were collected for this study. Quantitative analysis of the data shows that the abundance of major ions follows the order: Na+ -> Ca2+ -> Mg2+ -> K+ and Cl- -> HCO3 -> SO42-. The groundwater evolved from Na-HCO3, Na-HCO3-Cl, Na-Ca-HCO3 to Na-Mg-HCO3 water types in a decreasing order of abundance. Calculated meteoric genesis index (r2) indicates the dominance of deep meteoric water percolation effects on groundwater chemistry. Groundwater chemistry is principally controlled by water-rock interaction, ion exchange reactions, weathering (carbonate and silicate), salinization, and anthropogenic activities. Different ionic ratio plots and spatial distribution maps reveal the prevalence of salinization in the aquifer system, especially around the southwestern part of the basin. Revelle index assessment of the groundwater salinization level indicates that about 19.8% of the groundwater samples with RI values >0.5 is influenced by salinization. The groundwater salinization results from saline water intrusion from adjacent aquifers, mixing effects, ion exchange reactions, water-rock interaction, and anthropogenic activities. The geochemical modeling involving thermodynamic calculation of mineral saturation indices in PHREEQC indicates that groundwater is largely saturated with respect to majority of the carbonate and silicate mineral phases.
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    Hydrogeochemical and isotopic controls on the source of fluoride in groundwater within the Vea catchment, northeastern Ghana
    (Elsevier, 2021) Zango, Musah Saeed; Pelig-Ba, Kenneth Bayetimani; Anim-Gyampo, Maxwell; Gibrilla, Abass; Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba
    Groundwater consumption is considered as a major exposure route to fluoride in humans. Therefore, this study unraveled the sources and sinks of groundwater fluoride in the Vea catchment of northeastern Ghana using an integration of litho-petrography, hydrogeochemical analysis, multivariate statistical analysis, and stable isotope analysis. In this regard, 70 groundwater samples were collected from boreholes and analyzed for major ions and stable isotopes using standard procedures whilst 10 rock samples were collected from the crystalline basement rocks of the Birimian Supergroup and used for the petrographic studies. The petrographic results revealed the dominance of quartz, microcline, plagioclase (albite), biotite, muscovite and hornblende in the lithological units. The order of dominance of fluoride in the various lithologies is K-feldspar-rich granitoid > hornblende-biotite granitoid > basaltic flow > hornblende-biotite tonalite > hornblende biotite granodiorite > biotite granitoid. The groundwater fluoride concentrations varied from 0.35 to 3.95 mg/L with a mean concentration of 1.68 mg/L. Almost 61% of the samples have fluoride concentrations above the World Health Organization's maximum permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L. Groundwater is supersaturated with respect to albite due to silicate weathering and undersaturated with respect to fluorite and calcite. This enhanced ion exchange and fluoride mobilization in the groundwater from progressive calcite precipitation. The fluoride concentrations show positive correlations with Na+, Mg2+, HCO3-, and SO42-, confirming that fluoride enrichment is due to silicate weathering and ion exchange reactions. The delta O-18 and delta H-2 values with respect to V-SMOW vary between -4.15 and -2.75 parts per thousand and -22.49 and -13.74 parts per thousand, respectively suggesting considerable isotopic variation of the groundwater. Enriched isotopic composition is observed with low fluoride concentration whilst depleted isotopic composition is observed with a higher concentration of fluoride in groundwater. The stable isotopic compositions of the groundwater also indicated meteoric origin with an evaporative effect, which partly influences the groundwater chemistry.
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    Hydrogeochemical characterization and assessment of groundwater quality in the Kwahu-Bombouaka Group of the Voltaian Supergroup, Ghana
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba; Abu, Mahamuda; Zango, Musah Saeed; Wani, Alex Modi Lomoro
    The Kwahu-Bombouaka Group of the Voltaian Basin, which defines the northern fringe of the basin, constitutes a significant part of the North East Region of Ghana. Most of the inhabitants in the region depend on groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes. Therefore, a geochemical characterization and assessment of groundwater quality in the area was carried out using hydrochemical, GIS-based ordinary kriging interpolation and multivariate statistical methods on fifty-five (55) borehole water samples. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations and spatial distribution of various ions, groundwater quality issues and the geochemical processes contributing to groundwater chemistry. The area is largely underlain by sandy shales and mudstones of the Poubogou Formation and feldspathic, quartzitic sandstones with conglomeratic lenses of the Panabako Formation. The abundance of major cations in the groundwater is in the order: Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ whereas that of the major anions vary in the order: HCO3- > SO42- > Cl-. Na-HCO3 water type is common in the area, which may be due to dissolution from silicate minerals (albite and microcline) in the basement rocks. The results indicate that fluoride (0.01-8.40 mg/L, mean of 0.58 mg/L) and boron (0.01-4.81 mg/L, mean of 0.28 mg/L) contamination is a threat to groundwater quality with respect to their guideline values provided by the World Health Organization. The groundwater chemistry is primarily controlled by ion exchange reactions, weathering of silicate minerals residing in the Panabako Formation and anthropogenic activities from agriculture. Groundwater in the area is largely suitable for drinking purposes although some few boreholes in the northwestern and southeastern parts have high fluoride and boron concentrations. The sodium percentage (11-99%, mean of 70%), magnesium ratios (2.05-57, mean of 29) and sodium adsorption ratio (0.15-38, mean of 4.72) are quite high in some of the communities in the southeastern part of the area. This suggests that water in this part of the area is not entirely suitable for irrigation
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    Hydrogeochemical controls and human health risk assessment of groundwater fluoride and boron in the semi-arid North East region of Ghana
    (Elsevier, 2019) Zango, Musah Saeed; Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba; Abu Mahamuda; Lermi, Abdurrahman
    In this study, eighty-eight (88) samples were collected from active boreholes in the North East region of Ghana and analyzed for concentrations of the hydrogeochemical parameters. This helped in understanding the hydrogeochemistry, spatial distribution, origin of groundwater F- and B and the level to which the underlying geology influences the F- and B. Human health risks of F- and B were also assessed based on the model of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Groundwater is alkaline in this area and the dominant hydrochemical facies is Na-HCO3 facies, which is a reflection of the predominant carbonate lithology of the Oti/Pendjari Group in the region. The study reveals that the F- concentrations range from 0.05 to 13.29 mg/L with an average value of 3.26 mg/L, suggesting that majority of the boreholes have F- concentrations higher than the acceptable limit (1.5 mg/L) of WHO. The B concentrations also vary from 0.03 to 5.13 mg/L with an average of 1.52 mg/L in excess of the guideline value of 0.5 mg/L. The groundwater F- and B threats, respectively affect about 70% and 82% of boreholes in the region particularly around the northeastern, southeastern, central, and western parts. F- and B are mainly coming from geogenic sources and are controlled by hydrogeochemical factors such as semi-arid climatic conditions of the region, alkaline nature of the water, water-rock interaction, intense weathering, ion exchange, mineral dissolution and precipitation. The human health risk assessment reveals that non-carcinogenic risk for F- and B is higher in children than the adult population. About 89% of children in the study area are exposed to initial symptoms of dental and skeletal fluorosis and have higher chances of cardio-protection since no health threat is currently reported for high B in drinking water. We recommend immediate action towards mitigating the high groundwater F- to safeguard the health and livelihood of the people.
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    Responses to comments on: Hydrogeochemical and isotopic controls on the source of fluoride in groundwater within the Vea catchment, northeastern Ghana by Bam and Bansah (2022)
    (Elsevier, 2022) Zango, Musah Saeed; Pelig-Ba, Kenneth Bayetimani; Anim-Gyampo, Maxwell; Gibrilla, Abass; Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba
    On behalf of all co-authors of the article Hydrogeochemical and isotopic controls on the source of fluoride in groundwater within the Vea catchment, northeastern Ghana by Zango et al. (2021), we wish to thank Bam and Bansah (2022) for the interest in our paper. We would like to clarify from the onset that, we observed some errors in Fig. 3 after the publication, which necessitated an erratum. But, before we could submit our erratum, Bam and Bansah (2022) submitted a comment on the paper. When their attention was drawn to the erratum, they insisted on a response to their comments. We have included below a response to some aspects raised in the comments to our aforementioned article, which are already in our erratum. The comments were mainly based on the isotope data interpretation, which constitutes only about 5% of the paper. We will also shed light on what we thought was perhaps, misunderstood in our article.