Sources and routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in water systems in Africa: Are there any sustainable remedies?

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dc.authoridSunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba/0000-0002-0898-2286
dc.contributor.authorSunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba
dc.contributor.authorKorboe, Harriet Mateko
dc.contributor.authorAbu, Mahamuda
dc.contributor.authorKizildeniz, Tefide
dc.date.accessioned2024-11-07T13:25:19Z
dc.date.available2024-11-07T13:25:19Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.departmentNiğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractGovernments across the globe are currently besieged with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Although some countries have been largely affected by this pandemic, others are only slightly affected. In this regard, every government is taking precautionary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in wastewater raising an alarm for Africa due to the poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities. Also, most countries in Africa do not have resilient policies governing sanitation and water management systems, which expose them to higher risk levels for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this study unearthed the likely sources and routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in water systems (mainly wastewater) in Africa through a holistic review of published works. This provided the opportunity to propose sustainable remedial measures, which can be extrapolated to most developing countries in the world. The principal sources and routes of potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in water systems are hospital sewage, waste from isolation and quarantine centres, faecal-oral transmission, contaminated surface and groundwater sources, and contaminated sewage. The envisioned overwhelming impact of these sources on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through water systems in Africa suggests that governments need to put stringent and sustainable measures to curtail the scourge. Hence, it is proposed that governments in Africa must put measures like improved WASH facilities and public awareness campaigns, suburbanization of wastewater treatment facilities, utilizing low-cost point-of-use water treatment systems, legally backed policy interventions, and Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). SARS-CoV-2 in water systems can be inactivated and destroyed by integrating ozonation, chlorination, UV irradiation, and sodium hypochlorite in low-cost point-of-use treatment systems. These proposed sustainable remedial measures can help policymakers in Africa to effectively monitor and manage the untoward impact of SARS-CoV-2 on water systems and consequently, on the health of the general public. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
dc.description.sponsorshipScientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)
dc.description.sponsorshipThe first author thanks the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for the continuous support as a doctoral fellow of BIDEB 2215 Graduate Scholarship Program for International Students. The Editors, especially Prof. Damia Barcelo and the anonymous Reviewers, are also sincerely acknowledged for their useful reviews that improved the quality of this paper.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142298
dc.identifier.issn0048-9697
dc.identifier.issn1879-1026
dc.identifier.pmid33207460
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85090696388
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142298
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11480/14637
dc.identifier.volume753
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000588616700148
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofScience of the Total Environment
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_20241106
dc.subjectSARS-CoV-2
dc.subjectCOVID-19
dc.subjectTransmission
dc.subjectWastewater
dc.subjectSustainable remedial measures
dc.subjectAfrica
dc.titleSources and routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in water systems in Africa: Are there any sustainable remedies?
dc.typeReview Article

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