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Öğe Determination of the origin of the Helvadere drinking springs by means of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques, Aksaray, Central Anatolia, Turkey(SPRINGER, 2000) Afsin, MThe main aquifer of the Helvadere springs that emerges on the strike-slip of the Hasandagi fault set alongside the Tuzgolu (salt lake) fault zone, and trends in a NW-SE direction of Aksaray city, in the western part of Central Anatolia, is the exposed rocks of Hasandagi which are volcanics that have distinct hydrogeological properties. The meteoric origin of the spring waters is deduced from hydrochemical and environmental isotope (O-18, H-2, H-3) studies. The springs have high discharge (Q>100 1/s) and low ion concentrations because of fast circulation along the groundwater flow path in the aquifer. Furthermore, because it has hydrochemical facies, it conforms Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 hydrochemical facies, it conforms to high standards of drinking and irrigation water.Öğe Hydrochemical and isotopic properties of the Mahmutlu and Bagdatoglu mineralized thermal springs, Kirsehir, Turkey(SPRINGER VERLAG, 1999) Unsal, N; Afsin, MThe present study identifies the hydrochemical and isotopic properties of the Mahmutlu and Bagdatoglu mineralized thermal springs in Kirsehir province, a geothermal field in central Anatolia, Turkey. Based on these properties, a hydrogeological regime is proposed in order to explain the Mahmutlu-Bagdatoglu geothermal system. The relation between the concentrations of the environmental stable isotopes deuterium and oxygen-18 in the water is similar to the relationship in global meteoric water, indicating that the water is of meteoric origin. Evaluation of the geochemical characteristics of the water reveals that these two thermal springs belong to the same hydrogeological system. The hydrogeological system comprises a fractured limestone member of the Cevirme Formation and the Kervansaray Formation as reservoir rocks, and the Deliceirmak Formation as an overlying aquitard. The waters of the Mahmutlu and Bagdatoglu springs are mainly of the Na-Cl-SO4 type that originate from the Pohrenk evaporite. The thermal waters are undersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, halite, and gypsum. The delta(18)O and delta(2)H contents indicate a delta(18)O Shift in the Mahmutlu and Bagdatoglu waters. The temperature range of the two reservoirs is estimated to be 98-158 degrees C, on the basis of Na+K+Ca and SiO2 geothermometers.Öğe Hydrochemical evolution and water quality along the groundwater flow path in the Sandikli plain, Afyon, Turkey(SPRINGER VERLAG, 1997) Afsin, MAn unconfined aquifer system suggests an open system in the study area. Hydrochemical evolution is related to the flow path of groundwater. The groundwaters are divided into two hydrochemical facies in the study area, 1) Ca-Mg-HCO3 and 2) Ca-Mg-SO4HCO3. Facies 1 has shallow (young) waters which dominate in recharge areas during rapid flow conditions, whereas facies 2 may show shallow and mixed waters which dominate intermediate or discharge areas during low flow conditions. Ionic concentrations, TDS, EC and water quality are related to groundwater residence time and groundwater types. The groundwaters in the plain are chemically potable and suitable for both domestic and agricultural purposes.Öğe Influences of human activities and agriculture on groundwater quality of Kayseri-Incesu-Dokuzpinar springs, central Anatolian part of Turkey(SPRINGER-VERLAG, 2003) Elhatip, H; Afsin, M; Kuscu, I; Dirik, K; Kurmac, Y; Kavurmaci, MHuman activities and agriculture have had direct and indirect effects on the rates of contamination of groundwater in the Incesu-Dokuzpinar spring area. Direct effects include dissolution and transport of excess quantities of fertilizers with associated materials and hydrological alterations related to irrigation and drainage. Indirect effects may include changes in water-rock reactions in soils and aquifers caused by increased concentrations of dissolved oxidants, protons, and major ions. Agricultural activities have directly or indirectly affected the concentrations of a large number of inorganic chemicals in groundwater, for example NO3, N-2, Cl, SO42, H+, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, B, Pb, and Zn, as well as a wide variety of pesticides and other organic compounds. For reactive contaminants like NO3, it is recommended that a combination of hydrochemical and environmental-tracer analytical approaches might be required to resolve changing inputs from subsequent alterations as causes of concentration gradients in groundwater. The water type of Dokuzpinar springs is mainly Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-HCO3. Note that the water types of the springs were directly related to the hydrogeochemical properties of outcrops at the study area. Thus, the high concentration of Ca2+ and HCO3 is mainly related to the high CO2 contents in the marbles, whereas the high Na concentration arises from the existing syenite, volcanic ash, basalt, and clay units, although the Incesu-Dokuzpinar springs cover most of the drinking and irrigation water demands of this area. The high concentrations of NO3 and NaCl show that the area around the springs is continuously being contaminated by untreated sewage and agricultural wastes, especially during dry periods. Therefore, this approach is based on the vulnerability studies of the catchment area, determination of the transfer time of the pollutant, and the water-bearing formations of Incesu-Dokuzpinar springs. Vulnerability in this study is defined as the intrinsic hydrogeochemical characteristics of an aquifer, which may show the sensitivity of groundwater to be contaminated by different human activities.Öğe Roles of hydrogeochemical evaluations in estimating protection zones of Kocpinar springs in Aksaray, central Anatolia, Turkey(SPRINGER-VERLAG, 2001) Elhatip, H; Afsin, MThe present study indicates estimation of protection zones of Kocpinar springs in Aksaray area by means of hydrogeochemical methods. Relevant hydrogeochemical studies were carried out to achieve this objective. Kocpinar springs emerge on strike-slip Hasandagi fault set (HFS) along the Tuzgold (Salt Lake) fault zone (TFZ) in central Anatolia. The outcrops of volcanic origin exhibit different hydrogeological properties in the study area. The hydrogeochemical evaluations of Kocpinar springs represent good results about the available main groundwater flow systems that exist in this Marbles of Palaeozoic age form the main aquifer that recharges Kocpinar springs. The CO2 gas content of the spring waters is significantly high. Based on the ion concentrations, the water of this spring has mainly two hydrochemical facies: Ca-Mg=HCO3 and Na-HCO3. Although, the hydrochemical analyses showed that waters of these springs meet the drinking and irrigation water standards , the area around the springs is continuously being contaminated by both domestic and agricultural wastes. Therefore, detailed hydrogeological, hydrochemical and isotopic investigations were carried out to accurately estimate the protection zones of Kocpinar springs. These studies showed that three main protection zones could be proposed against external pollution effects around the spring's area.Öğe The role of hydrogeology in solution-subsidence development and its environmental impacts; a case-study for Sazlica (Nigde, Turkey)(SPRINGER VERLAG, 1998) Celik, M; Afsin, MSolution-subsidence and other types of collapse failures developed in the vicinity of Sazlica have been a major source of environmental problems such as groundwater pollution, soil erosion, and foundation failures. Extensive pumping of water from the Lake Dipsiz during irrigation seasons creates landslide developments at the shores of the lake. Five stages of landslide development were observed in the unconsolidated soils around Lake Dipsiz. Bowl-shaped solution-subsidence features with depths from 1 to 3 m and diameters between 1 and 60 m were formed due to excess pumping, and recharge and discharge features of unconfined aquifer. The pumping activities must be controlled to prevent further environmental problems. Lake Dipsiz and other subsidence developments are the groundwater exposure areas highly vulnerable to contamination. The proposed remedies for overcoming the environmental problems are the establishment of conservation areas around such natural features; ceasing the removal of top soil, controlling the urbanization, and keeping the livestock farming away from the areas susceptible to pollution.
