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    Budget Deficit Sustainability of Selected Developed and Developing Countries During Covid-19 Pandemic
    (Springer Nature, 2022) Alper, Findik Ozlem; Alper, Ali Eren; Ozayturk, Gurcem
    The sustainability of budget deficits is one of the determining factors regarding the sustainability of economic policies. Nevertheless, the Covid-19 pandemic, which has been effective all over the world since the first days of the year 2020, caused a rise in the public expenditures of countries, whereas a decline in public revenues, and hence, budget deficits. Based on the intertemporal budget constraint approach, this study aims to investigate the sustainability of the budget deficit in the G-7 countries as well as the selected developing countries, including Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and Turkey, during the periods before and after the Covid-19 pandemic, employing the (Quintos, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 13:409–417, 1995) methodology. In the study, where the Fourier KPSS unit root and Fourier ADL cointegration tests, which take into account both smooth and sharp structural breaks, are performed, the existence of a cointegrated relationship is examined in all countries included in the analysis, and the long-term coefficients are determined by employing the FMOLS and DOLS estimation methods. The estimation results indicate that budget deficits sustainability is in strong form merely in Germany, Japan, Russia, and Turkey throughout both periods. It is determined that the budget deficits, which were in a strong sustainable form for Italy during the pre-Covid-19 period, have transformed into a weak sustainable form throughout the pandemic period. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
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    Examination of the Stationarity of Ecological Footprint and its Sub-Components in the OECD Countries
    (Sosyoekonomi Soc, 2020) Alper, Ali Eren; Alper, Findik Ozlem
    The basic aim of this study is to test the stationarity of the ecological footprint and its subcomponents with the Fourier KPSS unit root test, which takes both smooth and sharp structural breaks into consideration, in 12 selected OECD member countries over the period between 1961-2016. The analysis results detected that carbon emission and total ecological footprint variables for the USA; forest products footprint variable for Germany; forest products and total ecological footprint variables for Australia; fishery areas and forest products footprint variables for Austria; carbon emission, forest products and total ecological footprint variables for France; fishery areas and forest products footprint variables for the Netherlands; forest products and cropland footprint variables for England; cropland footprint variable for Italy; cropland and total ecological footprint variables for Japan; total ecological footprint variables for Canada and fishery areas and forest products footprints for Turkey are stationary at levels.
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    Investigation of the Destination Resilience of Turkey: New Insights from Convergence Hypothesis
    (Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2024) Alper, Findik Ozlem; Arya, Vikas; Alper, Ali Eren
    This study focuses on the context of diversified challenges Turkey's tourism industry faces. This study aims to test the validity of the convergence hypothesis from the perspective of destination flexibility by separating the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods in Turkey's 15 top tourist-producing countries. The data collected from the period 2001:1 to 2019:12 for pre-pandemic period and 2022:1 to 2023:8 for the post-pandemic period are tested by performing Hepsag's stationarity test state that the convergence hypothesis is valid in 14 of the 15 major tourism markets for the pre-pandemic period (the Russian Federation, Germany, Bulgaria, England, Iran, Iraq, Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Poland, France, Greece, Romania, Israel and Saudi Arabia). However, for the post-pandemic period, it was determined that the convergence hypothesis was valid only for Iraq, Poland, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Examining the convergence features of tourism markets provides valuable information for decision-makers of Turkey's tourism policies for economic balance in the growing cities.
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    Stochastic convergence of ecological footprint: new insights from a unit root test based on smooth transitions and nonlinear adjustment
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Alper, Ali Eren; Alper, Findik Ozlem; Cil, Almila Burgac; Iscan, Erhan; Eren, Ahmet Arif
    The ecological footprint has currently become a highly popular environmental performance indicator. It provides the basis for setting goals, identifying options for action, and tracking progress toward stated goals. Because the examination of the existence of convergence is important for the climate change protection of the earth, the convergence of ecological footprint and its subcomponents are a major concern for scholars and policymakers. To this end, this study aims to investigate the stochastic convergence of ecological footprint and its subcomponents. We employ the recently developed Hepsag (2021) unit root test that allows nonlinearity and smooth structural change simultaneously to study stochastic convergence in per-capita ecological footprint over the period 1961-2018 for the most polluting countries. The results provide mixed evidence of the presence of stochastic convergence in conventional unit root tests such as ADF, KPSS and Fourier KPSS. According to the Hepsag (2021) unit root test results for all countries, built-up land footprint converges except Australia, Malaysia, Poland, and Turkey. Carbon footprint converges for Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, the UK, and the USA. Cropland footprint converges for Australia, Canada, China, France, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, South Africa, the UK, and Vietnam. Fishing grounds footprint converges in Brazil, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, and Vietnam. Forest product footprint converges in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Korea, Mexico, Poland, Turkey, and Vietnam. Grazing land footprint converges in Canada, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, and Vietnam. And lastly, the total ecological footprint converges in Canada, France, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, South Africa, the UK, and the USA.
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    Testing the long-run impact of economic growth, energy consumption, and globalization on ecological footprint: new evidence from Fourier bootstrap ARDL and Fourier bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto test results
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Alper, Ali Eren; Alper, Findik Ozlem; Ozayturk, Gurcem; Mike, Faruk
    The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of economic growth, energy consumption, and the economic globalization process on ecological footprints in the top 10 countries that cause the highest carbon dioxide emissions in the world. The analyses were conducted on annual observations from 1970 to 2017 (a different range for each country) employing the Fourier bootstrap ARDL cointegration method developed by Yilanci et al. (2020) and the Fourier bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto causality method developed by Nazlioglu et al. (2016). In the cointegration approach, an additional F-test provides better insights to define degenerate cases and the bootstrap test performance is powerful than the asymptotic test. In this context, Fourier bootstrap ARDL test results revealed that there is a long-term relationship between ecological footprint and economic growth, energy consumption, and economic globalization in seven countries-namely, Canada, China, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. According to long-run coefficients, in general, economic growth and energy consumption have negative effects on ecological footprint, whereas economic globalization has a positive effect on the ecological footprint for these countries. To evaluate it more specifically, (i) real gross domestic product per capita has positive and statistically significant coefficients on the ecological footprint in China, India, Indonesia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, except for Germany. (ii) Energy consumption per capita also has positive and statistically significant coefficients on the ecological footprint in China, Germany, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, except for Indonesia. (iii) Finally, the economic globalization process has negative and statistically significant coefficients on the ecological footprint in Canada, China, India, and Saudi Arabia, except for Indonesia. On the other hand, Fourier bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto causality test results show a mixed character. Governments should take action to reduce the negative effects of the climate crisis as immediate as possible, which has been widely expressed recently. Among these, increasing the use of renewable energy sources and new carbon-free technologies in the production process appears as important policy tools.