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Öğe A new approach in understanding the influence of irregular framing over the lateral drift in reinforced concrete structures(Gazi Univ, Fac Engineering Architecture, 2023) Karaca, Hakan; Aydin, Ersin; Severcan, Metin HakanThe approximate prediction of lateral performance of buildings without any analytical study requires quite a lot of knowledge and experience in the field for an engineer and an architect as well. An algorithm is required to enhance the mentioned predictions that mostly rely on the knowledge and experience. In this context, in order to quantify the degree of irregularity in framing of the structure in plan column density maps are developed, and thanking to the developed quantification method, the derivation of the relationship between the degree of irregularity and the maximum global roof drift of the structure is aimed. Knowing that the degree of irregularity has a negative impact on the lateral performance, in order to derive the relationship between the two, a regular structure is designed and 16 irregular models based on the regular model are developed. Linear response spectrum analysis and non-linear pushover analysis are conducted to obtain the global drifts and based shears. For linear analysis, the fundamental periods of vibration, mass participation ratio and eccentricity are monitored, while in non-linear analysis the global drifts are monitored. Shortly, the quantification of the irregularity in plan, is a novel approach which a potential to strengthen the hands of the designers, engineers and architects, also could be treated an evaluation tool as an improved global drift and lateral performance prediction method.Öğe A New Tuned Mass Damper Design Method based on Transfer Functions(Korean Society Of Civil Engineers-Ksce, 2019) Cetin, Huseyin; Aydin, ErsinTuned mass damper (TMD) is an effective passive device in reducing harmful vibrations as long as they are designed correctly. An optimal TMD design method is proposed based on transfer functions and also differential evolution (DE) algorithm is used. The method includes optimization of all parameters which are the mass, stiffness and damping coefficients of a TMD. By using random vibration theory, the mean-square of top floor absolute acceleration, top floor displacement and the sum of mean-squares of interstorey drifts have been chosen as objective functions to be minimized with respect to upper and lower limits of TMD parameters. In the classical design, the mass is usually chosen by the designer to find the optimum values of the stiffness and damping coefficient. In addition to optimizing stiffness and damping coefficients, in this study TMD mass quantity is also optimized by using DE algorithm to minimize objective functions for TMD design. After that, structure system with TMD is tested under six near fault and three far fault ground motions by evaluating responses of the structure. The results obtained here are compared with the methods available in the literature for verification. Numerical results show that the proposed method is effective for optimal TMD design.Öğe A Novel Design Method of Single TMD Exposed to Seismic Effects(CRC Press, 2023) Cetin, Huseyin; Aydin, Ersin; Ozturk, BakiA tuned mass damper (TMD) can be an effective passive device for decreasing hazardous vibrations, when it is properly designed. In this chapter, the differential evolution (DE) algorithm is used to suggest an optimal TMD design technique based on transfer functions. Random vibration theory and the probabilistic critical excitation method are used to generate the governing equations in the frequency domain. The process involves optimizing all of a TMD's properties, including mass, stiffness, and damping coefficients. The mean-square of top floor absolute acceleration and top floor displacement have been chosen as objective functions to be minimized with respect to the upper and lower limits of TMD parameters. Shear building models with single and multiple TMD are tested using different earthquake acceleration records in order to understand the performance of the suggested technique. In addition, the findings are compared to those of other studies in the literature. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi, Mohammad Noori, Tony T.Y. Yang, Paulo B. Lourenço, Paolo Gardoni, Izuru Takewaki, Eleni Chatzi, and Shaofan Li; individual chapters, the contributors.Öğe A simple damper optimization algorithm for both target added damping ratio and interstorey drift ratio(TECHNO-PRESS, 2013) Aydin, ErsinA simple damper optimization method is proposed to find optimal damper allocation for shear buildings under both target added damping ratio and interstorey drift ratio (IDR). The damping coefficients of added dampers are considered as design variables. The cost, which is defined as the sum of damping coefficient of added dampers, is minimized under a target added damping ratio and the upper and the lower constraint of the design variables. In the first stage of proposed algorithm, Simulated Annealing, Nelder Mead and Differential Evolution numerical algorithms are used to solve the proposed optimization problem. The candidate optimal design obtained in the first stage is tested in terms of the IDRs using linear time history analyses for a design earthquake in the second stage. If all IDRs are below the allowable level, iteration of the algorithm is stopped; otherwise, the iteration continues increasing the target damping ratio. By this way, a structural response IDR is also taken into consideration using a snap-back test. In this study, the effects of the selection of upper limit for added dampers, the storey mass distribution and the storey stiffness distribution are all investigated in terms of damper distributions, cost function, added damping ratio and IDRs for 6-storey shear building models. The results of the proposed method are compared with two existing methods in the literature. Optimal designs are also compared with uniform designs according to both IDRs and added damping ratios. The numerical results show that the proposed damper optimization method is easy to apply and is efficient to find optimal damper distribution for a target damping ratio and allowable IDR value.Öğe An Experimental Study on the Effects of Different Pendulum Damper Designs on Structural Behavior(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2023) Aydin, Ersin; Ozturk, Baki; Kebeli, Yunus Emre; Gultepe, GorkemPendulum dampers, which are the subject of this study, are a type of tuned mass damper (TMD). In general, TMDs are effective since they are designed according to the first mode behavior of the buildings. In this study, the effects of pendulum dampers on the structural behavior are investigated by performing vibration experiments on a 3-storey shear frame model with reduced dimensions. Harmonic loads are applied to the test models with and without pendulums on a one-way shaking table. Firstly, experiments without dampers were performed on the selected 3-storey reduced building model, and structural responses were found. The mass of pendulum dampers is chosen to be around 3% of the total mass of the structural model. One of the main aims of this study is to reveal the effects of the different placements of the dampers on the dynamic behavior. Accordingly, a single pendulum is independently placed on the top floor, the second floor, and finally on the first floor. In addition, experiments are carried out by establishing double damper models and then a triple damper model. By creating seven different damper models, the experiments are repeated under harmonic loads with different frequencies. Tests under a harmonic load equal to the first mode frequency of the undamped model reveal the behavior of the models in the resonant state. Experiments show that the pendulums used are highly effective in the resonance state. Some models with more than one damper have also been shown to be effective at reducing dynamic response.Öğe COMPARISON OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-SPAN STEEL PROTOTYPE STRUCTURE AND A SCALE MODEL STRUCTURE UNDER THE EFFECT OF SEISMIC LOADS(Konya Teknik Univ, 2023) Kebeli, Yunus Emre; Teberik, Seyma; Aydin, Ersin; Celik, FatihOne of the biggest problems encountered in many experimental studies is examining a real- size structure in the field or in a laboratory environment. With today's technological opportunities, it is possible to experimentally examine a real-sized structure in the field or in a laboratory environment. However, to do this, the manufacture of a large, real-size structure, experimental setup and measuring devices are required, which are costly. For this reason, it is not always possible to reach such a laboratory environment. It is very difficult to experimentally examine large-scale structures both economically and in terms of time saving. In this context, in this study, a scaling factor (A) widely accepted in the literature was used to design a scaled model to represent a real- size structure. A=10 was used in this scaling approach. A real-size three-story single-span steel prototype building was scaled to a laboratory-scale model structure and analyzed digitally with the Sap2000 program. The natural period/frequency values of the real-size prototype structure and the scaled model modeled in the Sap2000 program were examined. Later, Time history analyzes were performed using real earthquake records from El Centro (1940), Kobe (1995) and Northridge (1994). While real earthquake records were used as they were in the analysis of the prototype structure, these real earthquake records were used by scaling them depending on the scaling factor A in the analysis of the scaled model. Subsequently, the digital analyzes of the prototype and scaled structure were compared by looking at the acceleration and displacement values of each floor. It was observed that the results were close to each other when scaled according to the scaling factor (A). This situation demonstrated the accuracy of the scaling rates applied within the scope of the study. Thus, it has been shown that a real-size structure can be scaled to a model in a laboratory environment with correct scaling methods and that this prototype structure can be analyzed with more economical and simple methods.Öğe DESIGN OF VISCO-ELASTIC SUPPORTS FOR TIMOSHENKO CANTILEVER BEAMS(Konya Teknik Univ, 2023) Aydin, Ersin; Kebeli, Yunus Emre; Cetin, Huseyin; Ozturk, BakiThe appropriate design of supports, upon which beams are usually placed as structural components in many engineering scenarios, has substantial significance in terms of both structural efficacy and cost factors. When beams experience various dynamic vibration effects, it is crucial to contemplate appropriate support systems that will effectively adapt to these vibrations. The present work investigates the most suitable support configuration for a cantilever beam, including viscoelastic supports across different vibration modes. Within this particular framework, a cantilever beam is simulated using beam finite elements. The beam is positioned on viscoelastic supports, which are represented by simple springs and damping elements. These supports are then included in the overall structural model. The equation of motion for the beam is first formulated in the temporal domain and then converted to the frequency domain via the use of the Fourier Transform. The basic equations used in the frequency domain are utilized to establish the dynamic characteristics of the beam by means of transfer functions. The determination of the ideal stiffness and damping coefficients of the viscoelastic components is achieved by minimizing the absolute acceleration at the free end of the beam. In order to minimize the objective function associated with acceleration, the nonlinear equations derived from Lagrange multipliers are solved using a gradient-based technique. The governing equations of the approach need partial derivatives with respect to design variables. Consequently, analytical derivative equations are formulated for both the stiffness and damping parameters. The present work introduces a concurrent optimization approach for both stiffness and damping. Passive constraints are established inside the optimization problem to impose restrictions on the lower and higher boundaries of the stiffness and damping coefficients. On the other hand, active constraints are used to ascertain the specific values of the overall stiffness and damping coefficients. The efficacy of the established approach in estimating the ideal spring and damping coefficients of viscoelastic supports and its ability to provide optimal support solutions for various vibration modes have been shown via comparative experiments with prior research.Öğe Editorial: New Trends and Developments on Structural Control & Health Monitoring(Frontiers Media Sa, 2020) Aydin, Ersin; Ozturk, Baki; Farsangi, Ehsan Noroozinejad; Bogdanovic, Aleksandra[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Experiments of tuned liquid damper (TLD) on the reduced shear frame model under harmonic loads(E D P SCIENCES, 2017) Aydin, Ersin; Ozturk, Baki; Dutkiewicz, Maciej; Cetin, Hseyin; Okkay, Ozan; Ohancan, Ugur; Sirin, Yunus Emre; Dancova, PIn this study shaking table tests which are applied on 3-Storey reduced shear frame models with TLD's subjected to harmonic loadings are presented. Firstly, free vibration experiments are conducted on the structure and 1st free vibration frequency of the structure is determined. The structure is shaken under harmonic loading at a frequency equal to 1st frequency of the structure which provides the resonance condition. Displacements and accelerations are measured at storey levels of the structure. A container in a rectangular prism shape is manufactured as a TLD model. Liquid is poured in the container and the same experiments are repeated at different liquid heights. The effect of TLD application on the structural models considering displacement and acceleration of the structure are investigated. In addition the effect of TLD application and its allocation at different storey levels are calculated experimentally. As a result of the conducted experiments, most convenient TLD models considering both displacement and acceleration behavior are determined. It is observed that all the damping models cause significant levels of reduction in seismic behavior of the structure under harmonic loading.Öğe Improvement of Dynamic Response of Structures on Sandy Soil by Means of Viscous Dampers(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2021) Sivrikaya, Osman; Aydin, Ersin; Turker, HilalSuperstructure models used in optimal damper problem are usually connected rigidly to ground, and ground effects are not taken into account. This study reveals the effect of relative density of sandy soils on the damper problems. The optimal distribution of viscous dampers and the effect of relative density of sandy soils on the dynamic response of structure for ann-storey shear-building model are examined. The governing equation of soil-structure model is established and the equations in the frequency domain are derived using Fourier transformation. Steepest direction search algorithm is used as an optimization method. The four different objective functions, which are the top displacement, top absolute acceleration, base shear and base moment behaviour of the structure defined in the frequency domain, are minimized. The fundamental mode response of structural model is taken into account, and the time history analyses are conducted by using El Centro (NS) earthquake acceleration record. The effect of relative density of sandy soils on the responses of structure with optimal design and the effect of the variation of total damper capacity used in the optimization stage are investigated. It is observed that the variation of the objective functions, total damping capacity and ground conditions can change the optimal design. The low displacement in damped systems has occurred in comparison with no damper. The structural response in the rigid case is less than those in the different relative density of sandy soils. The added dampers placed according to the different objectives have improved the structural response and also reduced the harmful effects caused by poor ground conditions.Öğe Influence of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on optimal design of passive damping devices(Elsevier Science Inc, 2020) Aydin, Ersin; Ozturk, Baki; Bogdanovic, Aleksandra; Farsangi, Ehsan NoroozinejadRecently, the interest in research for optimization of viscous dampers in design of buildings has been increasing. In this study, the effect of soil-structure interaction has been taken into account for the purpose of optimal design of viscous dampers. A damper optimization method based on a target damping ratio and interstorey drift ratio found in literature has been adapted for a building structure model considering different types of sandy soils. While passive constraints have been taken as upper and lower limits of each damper, active constraints have been considered as a target damping ratio in terms of damping coefficients. The proposed algorithm includes time history analyses that test the designer's optimal design. Interstorey drift ratios under design earthquakes have been checked at each design step. The first and second mode responses have been considered separately. According to the results obtained from this study, the negative impact of sandy soils on the dynamic behavior of superstructures can be overcome by optimal placement of dampers in buildings. The results of the analyses have shown that soil effects should be taken into account in solving damper optimization problems.Öğe Minimum dynamic response of cantilever beams supported by optimal elastic springs(TECHNO-PRESS, 2014) Aydin, ErsinIn this study, optimal distribution of springs which supports a cantilever beam is investigated to minimize two objective functions defined. The optimal size and location of the springs are ascertained to minimize the tip deflection of the cantilever beam. Afterwards, the optimization problem of springs is set up to minimize the tip absolute acceleration of the beam. The Fourier Transform is applied on the equation of motion and the response of the structure is defined in terms of transfer functions. By using any structural mode, the proposed method is applied to find optimal stiffness and location of springs which supports a cantilever beam. The stiffness coefficients of springs are chosen as the design variables. There is an active constraint on the sum of the stiffness coefficients and there are passive constraints on the upper and lower bounds of the stiffness coefficients. Optimality criteria are derived by using the Lagrange Multipliers. Gradient information required for solution of the optimization problem is analytically derived. Optimal designs obtained are compared with the uniform design in terms of frequency responses and time response. Numerical results show that the proposed method is considerably effective to determine optimal stiffness coefficients and locations of the springs. stiffnessÖğe On the Efficacy of a Novel Optimized Tuned Mass Damper for Minimizing Dynamic Responses of Cantilever Beams(Mdpi, 2022) Ozturk, Baki; Cetin, Huseyin; Dutkiewicz, Maciej; Aydin, Ersin; Farsangi, Ehsan NoroozinejadThis study examines the optimal design of a tuned mass damper (TMD) in the frequency domain so that the dynamic response of cantilever beams can be decreased. Random vibration theory is applied to identify the mean square acceleration of the endpoint of a cantilever beam as the objective function to be reduced. In addition, to determine the optimal TMD coefficient of mass, stiffness, and damping, a differential evolution (DE) optimization algorithm is employed. The upper and lower limit values of these parameters are taken into account. A majority of the previous studies have concentrated on determining just the stiffness and damping parameters of TMD. Nonetheless, in this study there is also the optimization of TMD mass parameters to determine the mass quantity. In addition, there has been inefficient use of the stochastic DE optimization algorithm method for the optimization of TMD parameters in previous studies. Hence, to obtain optimal TMD parameters, this algorithm is precisely used on the objective function. Tests are carried out on the cantilever beam with the TMD system following this optimization method with harmonic base excitations that resonate the foremost modes of the beam and white noise excitation. The method proposed here is reasonably practical and successful regarding the optimal TMD design. When a TMD is designed appropriately, the response of the cantilever beam under dynamic interactions undergoes a considerable reduction.Öğe Optimal damper distributions in shear frames considering soil conditions(European Association for Structural Dynamics, 2020) Aydin, Ersin; Ozturk, Baki; Sivrikaya, OsmanWhen there is an optimal damper application issue, superstructure models are installed and strongly connected to the ground. However; there is no consideration of the ground influences. Within this current research, the influence of sandy soil relative density upon damper issues has been analysed. Assessment has been carried out upon the optimal distribution of viscous dampers along with the influence of sandy soil relative density on the structural dynamic response for the n-storey shear building model. The soil-structure model governing equation has also been derived and the Fourier Transformation is used to present the frequency domain equations. An optimized procedure, which is the Steepest Direction Search Algorithm (SDSA), is applied. Minimization of the objective function, which is the base moment behaviour of structure stated within the frequency domain, is done. The fundamental mode response of structural model has been considered and the El Centro (NS) earthquake ground acceleration record is used to conduct the time history analyses. Investigation has been carried out for the sandy soil relative density influence upon the optimal design of structure responses along with the total damper capacity variation influence applied within the optimization level. Since the optimal design alters due to the base moment, the sandy soil influences have been assessed thoroughly. As compared to no damper at all case, the damped system has taken place with low base moment. At a rigid level, the structural response is lower as compared to a different sandy soil relative density. The structural response is enhanced after dampers are added based on proposed objective function. Furthermore, the damaging influence created by the poor ground conditions has also been reduced. © 2020 European Association for Structural Dynamics. All rights reserved.Öğe Optimal damper placement based on base moment in steel building frames(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2012) Aydin, ErsinA new damper optimization method for finding optimal size and location of the added viscous dampers is proposed based on the elastic base moment in planar steel building frames. A Fourier Transform is applied to the equation of the motion and the transfer function in terms of the fundamental natural frequency of the structures is defined. The transfer function amplitude of the elastic base moment evaluated at the first natural circular frequency of the structure is chosen as a new objective function in the minimization problem. The damper coefficients of the added viscous dampers are taken into consideration as design variables in a steel planar building frame. The transfer function amplitude of the elastic base moment is minimized under an active constraint on the sum of the damper coefficients of the added dampers and the passive constraints on the upper and lower bounds of the added dampers. The optimal damper design presented in this paper is compared with other optimal damper methods based on top displacement, top absolute acceleration and base shear. A ten-storey steel planar building frame is chosen to be rehabilitated with the optimal dampers. The optimal damper allocation is obtained for the transfer function amplitude of the elastic base moment then compared with the other damper optimization methods in terms of the transfer function response. The results of the proposed method show that the method can also be beneficial to decrease both the base moment and the interstorey drift ratios in some frequency regions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Optimal Design and Distribution of Viscous Dampers for Shear Building Structures Under Seismic Excitations(Frontiers Media Sa, 2019) Cetin, Huseyin; Aydin, Ersin; Ozturk, BakiViscous dampers (VDs) are effective and widely used passive devices for the protection of civil structures, provided that appropriate design is carried out. For this purpose, optimal design and optimum distribution of VDs method are presented for a shear building under the critical excitation by using random vibration theory in the frequency domain. In the optimization, by using Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm and the top floor displacement are evaluated as objective functions taking into consideration upper and lower limits of VDs damping coefficients, so that optimal damper placement and properties of the shear building can be determined. In this design, the VDs-shear building system is tested under the three different ground motions being compared to some methods in the literature and uniformly distributed VDs placed at each story. It is shown that the results of the study are both compatible and very successful in reducing the response of the structure under the different ground motions.Öğe Optimal viscous damper placement to prevent pounding of adjacent buildings(European Association for Structural Dynamics, 2020) Cetin, Huseyin; Ozturk, Baki; Aydin, ErsinStructural pounding is prevalent in general during earthquake shaking for adjacent structures in earthquake prone cities. In this study, the prevention of pounding effect is targeted by the optimal placement of viscous damping elements within the adjacent buildings. One of the important reasons of the pounding phenomenon is the out of phase vibrations of adjacent structures. A couple of adjacent structures which have different heights are modeled as shear buildings to set the proposed method. The relative displacement, defined as the extraction of horizontal displacements of adjacent structures at the top level of the shorter building, are chosen as the objective function to be minimized. In addition, reduction of relative displacement of the buildings and the effects of various vibration characteristics of each building is investigated based on transfer functions. Equations of motion of a structure, which are uncoupled when each structure is considered alone, become coupled when damping elements are placed in between the adjacent structures. The first mode response of the structures is considered while the transfer function response is derived. Optimal designs are determined for different total damping levels and different vibration characteristics of adjacent structures. The results of numerical analyses reveal that optimal designs effectively decrease the relative displacements between adjacent structures. Optimal designs are compared with the uniform design and without damper cases. The numerical analyses show that the proposed optimal damper design method in this study is vigorously effective for the prevention of pounding of adjacent buildings. © 2020 European Association for Structural Dynamics. All rights reserved.Öğe Optimization of elastic spring supports for cantilever beams(Springer, 2020) Aydin, Ersin; Dutkiewicz, Maciej; Ozturk, Baki; Sonmez, MustafaIn this study,a new approach of optimization algorithm is developed. The optimum distribution of elastic springs on which a cantilever Timoshenko beam is seated and minimization of the shear force on the support of the beam is investigated.The Fourier transform is applied to the beam vibration equation in the time domain and transfer function, independent from the external influence, is used to define the structural response. For all translational modes of the beam, the optimum locations and amounts of the springs are investigated so that the transfer function amplitude of the support shear force is minimized. The stiffness coefficients of the springs placed on the nodes of the beam divided into finite elements are considered as design variables. There is an active constraint on the sum of the spring coefficients taken as design variables and passive constraints on each of them as the upper and lower bounds. Optimality criteria are derived using the Lagrange Multipliers method. The gradient information required for solving the optimization problem is analytically derived. Verification of the new approach optimization algorithm was carried out by comparing the results presented in this paper with those ones from analysis of the model of the beam without springs, with springs with uniform stiffness and with optimal distribution of springs which support a cantilever beam to minimize the tip deflection of the beam found in the literature. The numerical results show that the presented method is effective in finding the optimum spring stiffness coefficients and location of springs for all translational modes.The proposed method can give designers an idea of how to support the cantilever beams under different harmonic vibrations.Öğe Optimum vertical location and design of multiple tuned mass dampers under seismic excitations(Elsevier Science Inc, 2022) Ozturk, Baki; Cetin, Huseyin; Aydin, ErsinAn efficient optimum vertical location and design method of multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMDs) is proposed in order to reduce the response of building structures under seismic excitation. Governing equations are derived in frequency domain in terms of random vibration theory and probabilistic critical excitation method. In order to determine the location and optimum parameters of each tuned mass damper (TMD) which are mass, stiffness and damping coefficient, both top storey mean square absolute acceleration and displacement of shear building are chosen as the objective functions to be minimized via Differential Evolution (DE) optimization method. It is assumed that there is one TMD on each storey at the initial stage of the method. During the optimization, if the mass or stiffness parameters convergence to zero on a specific storey, then TMD is eliminated, so that optimum placement can be achieved. The sum of the critical effects corresponding to the selected bandwidths in the first, second and third frequency peak regions of the structure is taken into account, thus the high mode behaviors are also controlled. In order to understand the performance of proposed method, shear building model with multiple TMD is tested using different earthquake acceleration records and the findings are compared with some other studies available in the literature. The results show that the optimal MTMD design obtained from proposed method is very effective in reducing the dynamic response of building structure.Öğe Optimum Viscous Damper Distribution for Seismic Rehabilitation of Building Structures with Soft Story Irregularity(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Koroglu, Arcan; Ozturk, Baki; Cetin, Huseyin; Aydin, ErsinViscous dampers (VDs) are remarkably effective passive energy dissipation devices successfully implemented in building structures to reduce seismic demands during earthquake excitations. Viscous dampers can be utilized to enhance the resilience of structures against earthquake excitations. Besides that, they can be used for seismic rehabilitation of existing structures. Viscous dampers influence the dynamic response of the building structures that they are attached to; therefore, their allocation is vital. Furthermore, the optimum design of viscous dampers is another critical concept since they are expensive devices; thus, their optimum distribution results in a more economical method. This study suggests a methodology to rehabilitate existing building structures with soft story irregularities via optimum viscous damper distribution using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Soft story irregularity causes significantly large peak inter-story drift ratios (IDR) and abrupt changes in peak inter-story drift ratios between adjacent stories. The primary objective of this study is to limit the peak inter-story drift ratios to an allowable limit. In the scope of this study, the suggested procedure was tested on shear buildings with soft story irregularity under different earthquake ground motions. The results of this study show that it is possible to keep peak inter-story drift ratios at an allowable limit with an optimum viscous damper distribution for shear buildings with soft story irregularity. Moreover, this study shows that the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm can be successfully implemented on optimum viscous damper design problems in building structures. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
