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Öğe Enhancement performance and exhaust emissions of rapeseed methyl ester by using n-hexadecane and n-hexane fuel additives(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Celik, Mehmet; Bayindirli, CihanA lot of studies were conducted in recent years to improve of biodiesel performance. It has been stated that the addition of additives in biodiesel reduces emissions of unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM). It makes a significant improvement in thermal efficiency (BTE) and heat dissipation rate (HRR). The additives are attractive in automotive applications due to their excellent phase stability and clean combustion ability. Engine performance and exhaust emissions are mainly based on air-fuel ratio, cetane number, oxygen content of fuel, fuel atomization and the other features. In this study, two different additives were added to the biodiesel to change the number of cetane. In addition, engine performance and emission changes were investigated experimentally. The viscosity and density of fuels were reduced by additives. Compared to R0 fuel, torque increased by 9.74% and 7.22% in RHD20 and RHX20 fuels respectively. While specific fuel consumption decreased by 9.58% and 6.50% respectively. The ignition delay and combustion times decreased due to combustion quality. Maximum cylinder pressure and heat release rate values increased after additives adding in fuels. With the increase of the additive rate, HC (RHD20 23.68%, RHX20 21.05%), CO (RHD20 16.89%, RHX20 15.81%), and soot (RHD20 34.35%, RHX20 26.19%) emissions reduced while NOx (RHD20 2.26%, RHX20 3.21%) emissions increased. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Exergy, exergoeconomic, and sustainability analyses of a diesel engine using biodiesel fuel blends containing nanoparticles(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Dogan, Battal; Celik, Mehmet; Bayindirli, Cihan; Erol, DervisThe current paper investigated in detail the influence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver oxide (Ag2O) nanoparticles additives into biodiesel fuel obtained from cottonseed oil in terms of performance and emissions. The fuel blends formed by nanoparticles with biodiesel fuel were evaluated from a different perspective with energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic analyses by utilizing the data from the experiments. Thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency increase when nanoparticles were mixed to the biodiesel fuel. Total exergy losses in fuel blends decrease with the nanoparticle additives. When the engine torque was 40 Nm, the total exergy losses for C100, CAg-75, and CTi-75 test fuels were 14.49 kW, 13.91 kW, and 12.17 kW, respectively. The total exergy loss in D100 fuel was calculated as 12.04 kW under the same conditions. The sustainability indexes for D100 and CTi-75 fuels at an engine torque of 40 Nm were 1.626 and 1.620, respectively. Due to the high price of nanoparticles, test fuels with nanoparticles have a higher cost per unit exergy for engine work than pure biodiesel fuel. Hence, it is essential to decrease the cost of nanoparticle production to expand the using of nanoparticle additives in biodiesel.Öğe Investigation of the Performance and Emissions of an Engine Operated with CEO2 Nano Additive Doped Biodiesel(Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey, 2022) Celik, Mehmet; Bayindirli, Cihan; İlhak, M. İlhanThe production of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide causes global warming and many other environmental problems. Diesel engines are widely used due to their higher output torque value, better thermal efficiency and durability compared to gaso-line engines. Because of rapid consumption and mitigation of diesel as a fossil fuel, bio-diesel has recently received significant attention as a renewable energy source. There are several sources in order to produce biodiesel. Animal fats, inedible vegetable oils, waste oils and other low-value bioenergy raw materials are suitable sources for biodiesel pro-duction as they are renewable and have no impact on food safety. In this study, CeO2 nano additives at concentrations of 50 ppm and 75 ppm were added to cottonseed based biodiesel. The experiments were conducted at 4 different load conditions on a 3-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine. According to the test results, it was observed that with increasing nano additive concentration, thermal efficiency was increased and spe-cific fuel consumption was reduced. As well as, the results indicated that CO and soot emissions were reduced, while NOx emissions were increased due to the improvement of the combustion performance caused by CeO2 nanoparticles. © 2022 The Author(s).Öğe Multi-objective optimization of a diesel engine fueled with different fuel types containing additives using grey-based Taguchi approach(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Celik, Mehmet; Bayindirli, Cihan; Mehregan, MinaDue to the reduction of fossil fuels' resources and their contribution to environmental problems, biodiesel fuels have attracted significant attention as substitutes for diesel fuels. However, since their NOx emissions are higher than that of diesel fuels in most cases and also because of their higher viscosity than diesel, fuel additives are used to enhance their properties and reduce emissions. In this study, the effect of n-hexane and n-hexadecane addition to biodiesel and diesel fuels on exhaust emissions and performance of a single-cylinder diesel engine was investigated by using grey-based Taguchi method. Fuel additive, the additive amount, and fuel type were considered as the operating parameters. Three fuel types including diesel, rapeseed oil biodiesel, and cottonseed oil biodiesel were used in this investigation, while n-hexane and n-hexadecane were considered as the two fuel additives. As well as, three levels were assigned to the additive amount which were 4, 8, and 12%. Based on the operating parameters and their levels, the plan of experiments was generated according to L-18 orthogonal array. Using grey relational analysis, this multi-response optimization problem was first transformed into a single response optimization. Then, this single system response, which is known as grey relational grade, was utilized in Taguchi approach for statistical evaluations. The results demonstrated that rapeseed was the best selection for fuel type compared to cottonseed and diesel in order to have the optimum system responses and hexadecane gave better results for system optimization in comparison with hexane additive. As well as, the analysis of variance showed that fuel type was the predominant operating factor influencing the grey relational grade which means fuel type was the most important parameter in the simultaneous optimization of exhaust emissions and engine performance. The Taguchi results also revealed that the optimum condition of engine performance and exhaust emissions happened when engine was fueled with rapeseed biodiesel containing 12% hexadecane as an additive. The confirmation test result validated the reliability of Taguchi approach in this investigation.Öğe Optimizing the thermophysical properties and combustion performance of biodiesel by graphite and reduced graphene oxide nanoparticle fuel additive(Elsevier - Division Reed Elsevier India Pvt Ltd, 2023) Bayindirli, Cihan; Celik, Mehmet; Zan, RecepIn this study, 50 and 75 ppm reduced graphene oxide and graphite nanoparticle additives were added to cottonseed oil methyl ester which was obtained by the trasterification method. The effects of the related nanoparticle additives on fuel properties such as viscosity, lower heating value, density and cetane num-ber were determined, and their effects on engine performance and exhaust emissions were experimen-tally investigated. The superior properties of reduced graphene oxide such as superior conductivity, high reactivity and large surface area to engine performance and emissions were experimentally investigated and presented the in this paper. The results indicated that, brake thermal efficiency increased in NPs additive added fuels by 6.92 % in CGt-50, 11.89 % in CGt-75, 14.35 % in CGn-50 and 17.97 % in CGn-75 fuels, respectively compared to C0 fuel at full load. Brake specific fuel consumptions decreased by 6.92 %, 11.25 %, 13.36 and 16.28 %, respectively. At 8 Nm load, the cylinder pressures of nanoparticle added fuels increased between 1.91 % and 5.16 % compared to base fuel. It was concluded that the heat release rate increased with the increase of the NPs additive ratio. Between the rate of 2 %-5.09 % reducing were obtained in ID, 0.84 %-5.85 % in CD for CGt-75 and CGn75 fuels according to C0 fuel. Compared to C0 fuel, CO emissions decreased by 9.48 %, 11.85 %, 14.23 % and 14.99 %, consecutively, in CGt-50, CGt-75, CGn-50 and CGn-75 fuels at full load. Thanks to the nanoparticle additive, the thermophysical properties and heat transfer rate of the fuels improved and the fuel mixture was stabilized, leading to an improve-ment of 8.98 %, 11.79 %, 14.04 % and 15.73 % in HC emissions, respectively. The NPs additive increased the cylinder temperature by 10.59 %-17.72 %, which enhanced NOx emissions. It was also observed that smoke emissions were reduced by 8.57 %-18.09 %.(c) 2022 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Öğe The effects of the use of different catalyst in the cotton seed methyl esters production on the engine emissions performance(SILA SCIENCE, 2012) Bayindirli, Cihan; Acaroglu, MustafaIn this study the effect of mixture of cottonseed oil methyl ester-diesel, which is one of renewable energy resource, on exhaust emission and the effect of utilizing different catalyst in production of biodiesel on exhaust emission are investigated experimentally. Utilizing KOH as catalyst has increased HC emissions 54,58% and CO emissions 18,10% in spite of decreasing CO2 emissions 15,45%, NOx emissions 28,45% on average comparing to NaOH. 93% of CO2 emissions of pollutants in the atmosphere, 57% of HC, 39% of NOx and 1% of SO2 is vehicle sourced. Most important polluter are particulate matter emissions (PM) and NOx for diesel engines. It has been observed that use of cotton seed methyl ester as engine fuel is decreased to NO emission in our study.Öğe THE IMPROVEMENT OF DRAG FORCE ON A TRUCK TRAILER VEHICLE BY PASSIVE FLOW CONTROL METHODS(TURKISH SOC THERMAL SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY, 2016) Akansu, Yahya Erkan; Bayindirli, Cihan; Seyhan, MehmetIn this study, the drag force measurements were carried out for a 1/32 scaled heavy vehicle model, consisted of truck and trailer, placed in the wind tunnel. The wind tunnel tests were also performed for 9 different free stream velocities in the range of Reynolds number between 113 000 and 453 000. The drag coefficients (CD) of the truck and trailer combination were experimentally determined. In the experimental studies, kinematic similarity was provided except moving road and blockage effect is ignored due to the small blockage ratio of 3%. The independence of Reynolds number was used for the dynamic similarity condition. The regions forming aerodynamic resistance on the truck trailer were determined and aerodynamic improvement was obtained with passive flow control methods. In the case of model 1 of truck and trailer, the aerodynamic improvement is obtained as % 15,71 by improving geometry of spoilers. % 22,46 aerodynamic improvements is also obtained by using passive air channel with a spoiler for the case of model 2. For the case of model 3, by adding a redirector to the model 2, the improvement is reached to % 25,58.Öğe The Investigation of Flow Characteristic Around A Bus Model by CFD Method and Improvement of Drag Force by Passive Flow Control Method(Gazi Univ, 2018) Bayindirli, Cihan; Celik, Mehmet; Demiralp, MehmetIn this study, aerodynamic drag coefficient of 1/64 scaled bus model was determined by the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. Flow analyzes were performed at 15 m/s, 20 m/s, 25 m/s ye 30 m/s in x direction, between the range of 173000-346000 Reynolds numbers. Flow analysis was made in Fluent (R) program. The aerodynamic drag coefficient (CD) of the bus model was determined as 0.657 on average, the distribution of total drag was determined as pressure-friction based. After the flow visualization, the areas are detected where forms aerodynamic drag on the model bus. A triangular section flow control element has been developed to improve the flow structure and decrease the pressure based drag. The flow control element is an equilateral triangle with a diameter of 15 mm and positioned on the front bumper of the model bus. The aerodynamic drag coefficient of model 1 bus was determined as 0.623. With this passive flow control method, the aerodynamic drag coefficient improved by %5.27. The effect of this improvement on fuel consumption is about 3 % at the high vehicle speed. The effect of this aerodynamic improvement on the annual fuel consumption of a bus has been evaluated.
