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    Accumulation and Distribution of Nanoparticles (Al2O3, CuO, and TiO2) in Tissues of Freshwater Mussel (Uniotigridis)
    (Springer, 2022) Canli, Esin G.; Celenk, Alper; Canli, Mustafa
    Freshwater mussels are used as an effective bioindicator of metal pollution. There is no data on the accumulation of any metal-oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in tissues of Uniotigridis. Thus, this study was undertaken to investigate accumulation of Al2O3, CuO, and TiO2 NPs following exposure to different concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 9 mg/L) of NPs for 14 days. Metal concentrations in tissues were determined by ICP-MS, while NP presence was demonstrated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. During the experiments, mussels were fed with cultured algae (Chlorellavulgaris). TEM images demonstrated the presence of NPs in digestive gland and muscle. TEM images also suggested that NPs were taken via the lysosomes or endosomes. Highest mean concentrations (mu g/g d.w.) of aluminium (76.51), copper (111.63) and titanium (113.83) occurred in the gills and followed by the digestive glands and muscles. Algae consumption of mussels did not significantly differ among controls and NP-exposed groups.
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    Antioxidant system biomarkers of freshwater mussel (Unio tigridis) respond to nanoparticle (Al2O3, CuO, TiO2) exposures
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Canli, Esin G.; Canli, Mustafa
    Purpose Mussels are known as the natural filters of the aquatic systems and are accepted as one of the best bioindicator organism. There is no data on the response of Unio tigridis to metal-oxide nanoparticle (NP) exposures. This study aimed to investigate the response of the antioxidant enzymes of U. tigridis following exposure to NPs. Materials and methods The mussels were exposed to different concentrations (0, 1, 3, 9 mg NP/L) of Al2O3, CuO and TiO2 NPs for 14 days and subsequently, the activities of CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), GST (glutathione S-transferase) and GR (glutathione reductase) were measured in the gill and digestive gland. Mussels were fed with cultured unicellular algae (Chlorella vulgaris) during experiments. Results Data showed that algae consumptions of mussels were not significantly (p>0.05) altered by NPs. However, all enzyme activities in the digestive gland and gill altered significantly (p<0.05) after NP exposures. The activities of CAT and SOD decreased, while the activities of enzymes belonging to glutathione metabolism (GPx and GST) increased in both tissues. Conclusion This study representing the first record on the antioxidant system response of U. tigridis toward NP exposures suggests that NP toxicity should be investigated thoroughly in organisms and some regulations must be done on their usages.
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    Characterization of ATPases in the gill of freshwater mussel (Unio tigridis) and effects of ionic and nanoparticle forms of aluminium and copper
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2021) Canli, Esin G.; Canli, Mustafa
    Mussels are often used to monitor the aquatic systems for different ecological aims, as they are one of the best bioindicator animals. However, the characterization of biomarkers should be known before using them in environmental monitoring and toxicology studies. There is no study to our knowledge on the characterization of Na-ATPase and Ca-ATPase in tissues of freshwater mussel (Unio tigridis). Thus, this study was undertaken to characterize the optimum working conditions of Na-ATPase and Ca-ATPase in the gill of mussels, determining the highest levels of parameters (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, ATP, pH, temperature, enzyme amount, incubation time) to obtain maximum activity. The present study also aimed to investigate in vitro effects of ionic and nanoparticle (Al2O3, CuO) forms of aluminium and copper (0, 30, 90, 270 mu g/L) on the activities of Na-ATPase and Ca-ATPase. Data showed that there was no ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity in the gill up to 10 mM ouabain concentrations. Na-ATPase and Ca-ATPase activities in the gill of control mussels were 5.124 +/- 0.373 and 3.750 +/- 0.211 mu mol Pi/mg pro./h, respectively. Exposure to different concentrations of nanoparticles did not alter significantly (P 0.05) the activities of Na-ATPase and Ca-ATPase in vitro, whereas the same concentrations of ionic aluminium and copper significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the enzyme activities. Data emphasized that there were different modes of action between ionic and nanoparticle forms of aluminium and copper. Data also suggested that in vivo studies should also be carried out to estimate better the effects of nanoparticle and ionic forms of metals on ATPases of U. tigridis.
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    Effects of aluminum, copper and titanium nanoparticles on the liver antioxidant enzymes of the Nile fish (Oreochromis niloticus)
    (Elsevier, 2020) Canli, Esin G.; Canli, Mustafa
    The unique characteristics of metal-oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have made them demanded materials in many nanotechnological areas including the energy sector. Therefore, environmental fate of NPs should be understood and toxic levels should be set before releasing them into the environment. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of Al2O3, CuO and TiO2 NPs on liver enzymes belonging to the antioxidant system such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Fish were first exposed to NPs (0, 1, 5, 25 mg/L) for 14 days and then they were allowed to survive in NP-free mediums for additional 14 days. After NP exposures, CAT and SOD activities decreased, whereas GST activity increased (P<0.05). However, there was no significant (P>0.05) alteration in GR and GPx activities. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images demonstrated that all NPs accumulated in liver tissues after 14 days of exposure and they were mostly depurated after 14 days of elimination period. This study demonstrated that NPs accumulated in the liver caused oxidative stress in fish. It also suggests that environmental fates of NPs should take place in the environmental monitoring programs, as they seem potential pollutants for the future. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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    Effects of in vivo exposures to nanoparticles (Al2O3, CuO, TiO2) on the activities of ATPases in the gill and muscle of freshwater mussel (Unio tigridis)
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2022) Canli, Esin Gulnaz; Canli, Mustafa
    Mussels are effective bioindicator organisms for aquatic environments. Therefore, they were often used to determine the effects of various xenobiotics in the aquatic systems. There is no study to our knowledge on the in vivo effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on the activities of ATPases in freshwater mussels (Unio tigridis). This work demonstrates the effects of Al2O3, CuO, and TiO2 NPs on Na-ATPase, Ca-ATPase, and Mg-ATPase activities in the gill and muscle of mussels following 14-day exposures to different concentrations of NPs (0, 1, 3, 9 mg/L). Mussels were fed with laboratory cultured algae (Chlorella vulgaris) during the exposures. There was no ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity in the tissues of U. tigridis. The activities of Na-ATPase and Ca-ATPase in the gill decreased significantly (p 0.05), while Mg-ATPase activity increased. However, the activities of all ATPases decreased significantly after NP exposures in the muscle. There were more significant alterations in the gill compared to the alterations in the muscle. The order of NP effects was determined as TiO2 CuO > Al2O3. There was no significant alteration in algae consumption between control and NP-exposed mussels. The present study reporting the first data on the effects of NPs in U. tigridis demonstrated the sensitivity of mussel physiology towards NP exposures, suggesting further studies to understand better the physiological response of mussels.