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    Estrogen as a novel agent for induction of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for osteogenic differentiation: In vivo bone tissue-engineering study
    (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2014) Calis, Mert; Demirtas, Tugrul Tolga; Atilla, Pergin; Tatar, Ilkan; Ersoy, Orkun; Irmak, Gulseren; Celik, Hakan Hamdi
    BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether the in vivo osteogenic differentiation potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells is enhanced by 17?-estradiol. METHODS: Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized and divided into five experimental groups. For the surgical procedure, biparietal full-thickness bone defects (7 mm in diameter) were created. A chitosan-hydroxyapatite scaffold was used as the vehicle system for 17?-estradiol-loaded nanoparticles and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The first group, the blank defect group, was the control group. The defects were filled with either scaffold, estradiol, and scaffold; scaffold and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; or estradiol, scaffold, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells as experimental groups. The rats were killed at the end of weeks 4 and 12, and their calvariae were harvested for histologic and microtomographic evaluation. RESULTS: Micro-computed tomographic evaluation of estradiol, scaffold, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells revealed the highest median value (82.59 ± 17.17), and the difference was significant compared with the blank defect group (p = 0.004). Histologic samples demonstrated a significant difference between experimental groups for bone defect repair at the end of weeks 4 and 12 (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001). The estradiol, scaffold, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell group had the highest median score (3.00 ± 0.0) at week 12, which was significantly higher than scores for the scaffold and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell group and the blank defect group. CONCLUSION: 17?-Estradiol appears to be a novel and promising agent for future cell-based bone tissue-engineering studies. Copyright © 2014 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.