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    Examining trade mechanism of international carbon dioxide emission: Evidence from major emitter countries
    (Econjournals, 2016) Demiral M.
    This study examines factors affecting the changes in the net exports of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions embodied in global trade, conducting seemingly unrelated regression-based generalized least square (GLS) method. The study uses balanced panel data sets of 34 OECD and 7 major non-OECD countries in the G-20 and the period of 1996-2011. Along with various explanatory variables, we also add interaction terms between structural changes and income variables for crosschecking. Results reveal that trade openness leads to increase in emission exports, while GDP per capita has a slight negative effect. Net oil export per capita is the most important factor raising the emission export. The finding that structural changes also affect emission density affirms the importance of technological progress. Considering international trade pattern, overall results underline that nobody is responsible for global emission individually since countries emit for others. For trade mechanism of emission reduction, “ideal” and “global” green trade implications seem to be appropriate policy initiatives. © 2016, Econjournals. All rights reserved.
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    Has EU accession caused structural change in new entrants? Intersectoral linkage analyses on Bulgaria and Romania
    (Econjournals, 2016) Demiral M.
    The European Union (EU) countries, especially the founders and earlier entrants (EU-15) are among the most-developed, post-industrial and innovation-driven economies in the world. Countries with different structures are expected to have progressive structural changes after their accessions to the EU by means of the intra-EU policies on socio-economic integration and monetary (Euro) adoption. Starting from this convergence premise, this study aims to explore whether the latest member states, Bulgaria and Romania, that joined the EU in 2007, have experienced significant changes in their economic structures. To this end, with a general equilibrium approach and using input-output data of the countries, we conduct intersectoral linkage analyses covering all economic activities aggregated to 34 sectors for the years of 1995, 2002, 2007 and 2011. Backward and forward linkage coefficients calculated from inverse matrices based on the Leontief model and the Ghosh model reveal that there is no strong evidence found supporting the structural change experiences in the 5th year of the EU accession for both countries. © 2016, Econjournals. All rights reserved.