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Öğe Ancient Isaura Quarries in and Around Zengibar Castle (Bozkir, Konya), Central Anatolia, Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Gokce, Mehmedi Vehbi; Ince, Ismail; Okuyucu, Cengiz; Doganay, Osman; Fener, MustafaZengibar Castle was built by the Isaurian during antique ages on the summit of Mount Asar, approximately 20 km west of the town of Bozkir, Konya, Turkey. The aims of this study are to determine the lithological, petrographic, and mechanical characteristics of the building stones that were used to construct the walls and buildings in Zengibar Castle in order to determine the quarrying techniques of these stones and to determine which structures they were used in. A number of antique quarries of various sizes were located in Isaura, four of which produced a significantly higher volume of building stones. These antique quarries were mostly located on hillsides in carbonate rock of the Late Triassic Dutdere formation located in the Bolkardagi Units and were run phase by phase. The porosity range of the rocks was found to be between 0.85 and 0.90% and the dry density and uniaxial compressive strength were found to range from 2.67 to 2.68 g/cm(3)and 83.10 to 96.60 MPa, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the stones that were quarried in these quarries were used as the main building material or flooring material in various constructions in Zengibar Castle, including religious buildings such as temples and chapels, social buildings such as dwellings, theaters, baths, fountains, and cemeteries, defense and security structures such as watchtowers, fortification walls, and city gates, in monumental tombs, and in stones in which reliefs and inscriptions were carved.Öğe Electrical resistivity measurements to predict abrasion resistance of rock aggregates(SPRINGER, 2008) Kahraman, Sair; Fener, MustafaThe prediction of Los Angeles (LA) abrasion loss from some indirect tests is useful for practical applications. For this purpose, LA abrasion, electrical resistivity, density and porosity tests were carried out on 27 different rock types. LA abrasion loss values were correlated with electrical resistivity and a good correlation between the two parameters was found. To see the effect of rock class on the correlation, regression analysis was repeated for igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks, respectively. It was seen that correlation coefficients were increased for the rock classes. In addition, the data were divided into two groups according to porosity and density, respectively. After repeating regression analysis for these porosity and density groups, stronger correlations were obtained compared to the equation derived for all rocks. The validity of the derived equations was statistically tested and it was shown that all derived equations were significant. Finally, it can be said that all derived equations can alternatively be used for the estimation of LA abrasion loss from electrical resistivity.Öğe Evaluating the grinding process of granitic rocks using the physico-mechanical and mineralogical properties(Chulalongkorn Univ, Metallurgy & Materials Science Research Inst, 2019) Kahraman, Sair; Ucurum, Metin; Yogurtcuoglu, Emine; Fener, MustafaGranitic rocks are sometimes ground for different purposes. Predicting the mean particle size (d(50)) is useful for planning and cost estimation of purposes. In order to investigate the possibility of predicting the d(50) of ground rock from the physico-mechanical rock properties, six different granites were tested in the laboratory. First, the d(50) values were correlated with the corresponding physico-mechanical properties. The simple regression analysis showed that there were no good correlations between the d(50) and the physico-mechanical properties. Then, the multiple regression analysis was carried out and strong prediction equations were developed. It was also shown that the dominant parameter in grinding was the abrasive mineral content of rock. It is concluded that the d50 of granites can be predicted from the derived multiple regression equations especially for preliminary investigations. The developed estimation equations including index test values are especially useful since they are easy to use.Öğe Geotechnical properties of tire-cohesive clayey soil mixtures as a fill material(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2006) Cetin, Hasan; Fener, Mustafa; Gunaydin, OsmanGeotechnical properties of pure fine and coarse grained tire-chips and their mixtures (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) with a cohesive clayey soil were investigated through a series of soil mechanical tests in order to investigate possibilities of their usage as a lightweight fill material. Grain size and Atterberg limits analysis, permeability, direct shear and compaction tests were performed on the clayey soil, tire chips (both fine and coarse) alone and their mixtures. The results indicate that the use of used tire-chips mixed with clayey soils as a fill material is possible. The mixtures up to 20% coarse grained tire-chips and 30% fine grained tire-chips can be used above ground water tables where low weight, low permeability and high strength are needed in fills such as highway embankments, bridge abutments and backfills behind retaining structures especially when they are to be built on weak foundation soils with low bearing capacity and high settlement problems. They should not be used where drainage is needed to prevent the development of pore pressures during loading of fills under saturated conditions. In these cases, they may, however, be used by mixing with high permeability material such as sand and gravel. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Horata (Malatya) Karstik kaynağı' nın hidrojeoloji incelemesi(2002) Günaydın, Osman; Çetindağ, Bahattin; Fener, Mustafaİnceleme alanı Malatya il merkezinin güneyinde yer almaktadır. İnceleme alanı Paleozoyik, Mesozoyik ve Senozoyik yaşlı birimlerden oluşmaktadır. Bunlar Malatya Metamorfitleri, Gündüzbey Formasyonu, Yeşilyurt Formasyonu, Taraça ve Alüvyondur. Horata Karstik Kaynağı'nda uzun süreli debi değişimi ve iyon değişimi kontrol edilmiştir. Horata Kaynağı'nda 20 Haziran 1999-15 Eylül 1999 döneminde depolama gücü, 1.08 x 106$m^3$ olarak bulunmuştur. 14 Mayıs 2000-25 Eylül 2000 döneminde depolama gücü ise 4.01 x 106 $m^3$ bulunmuştur. Kaynak suyunda katyon ve anyonların sıralanışı: $Ca^{+2}$+$Mg^{+2}$>$Na^+$+$K^+, $HCO_3^-$+ $CO_3^{-2}$ > $Cl^-$+$SO_4^{-2}$ şeklindedir. Horata kaynak suyunda iyonlar, Piper diyagramında L, 5. ve 3. bölgede guruplanmışlardır.Öğe Horata (Malatya) Karstik Kaynağı'nın hidrojeoloji incelemesi(2002) Günaydın, Osman; Çetindağ, Bahattin; Fener, Mustafaİnceleme alanı Malatya il merkezinin güneyinde yer almaktadır. İnceleme alanı Paleozoyik, Mesozoyik ve Senozoyik yaşlı birimlerden oluşmaktadır. Bunlar Malatya Metamorfitleri, Gündüzbey Formasyonu, Yeşilyurt Formasyonu, Taraça ve Alüvyondur. Horata Karstik Kaynağı'nda uzun süreli debi değişimi ve iyon değişimi kontrol edilmiştir. ...Öğe Investigation of the relationships between basic physical and mechanical properties and abrasion wear resistance of several natural building stones used in Turkey(Elsevier, 2021) Mohammed, Abdualrahman Ali Adam; Fener, Mustafa; Comakli, Ramazan; Ince, Ismail; Balci, Mehmet Can; Kayabali, KamilFrom the past to the present, natural building stone has been used as construction materials in important buildings, architectural works, and civil engineering projects due to its characteristics, which include hardness, durability, decorative appearance, and easy shaping. Nevertheless, there are several significant properties such as abrasion resistance that limit its usability. Since natural stone wears over time, its abrasion wear resistance should be determined before use. One of the most widely used methods for testing to determine the abrasion resistance of natural stone is the Bohme abrasion test. However, this method has a number of disadvantages including sample preparation, labor, and difficult test procedures. Moreover, this testing device is not typically available in all laboratories or analysis centers. The aim of this study was to establish equations based on the basic physical and mechanical properties of natural building stone in order to estimate the abrasion wear resistance. Therefore, the relationships between the Bohme abrasion test results and the basic physical and mechanical properties such as porosity, percentage of water absorption by weight, dry unit weight, density, and uniaxial compressive strength of 22 different natural building stones, collected at different locations in Turkey, are analyzed statistically. Simple and multiple regression analyses were performed to identify the best relationships, and all the obtained equations were assigned correlation coefficient (R-2) values. The results indicated that there are strong correlations between the Bohme abrasion test results and the basic physical properties of natural building stone, and a moderate relationship with uniaxial compressive strength.Öğe Microstructural examination of the effect of elevated temperature on the concrete containing clinoptilolite(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2014) Akcaozoglu, Kubilay; Fener, Mustafa; Akcaozoglu, Semiha; Ocal, RecepIn this study, the effect of elevated temperature on the properties of concrete containing clinoptilolite was investigated by microscopic analyses. For this purpose, seven different mixtures were prepared (the control mixture and six mixtures including 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40% clinoptilolite by weight). The water binder (w/b) ratio used in the mixtures was 0.475. The dry unit weights, water absorption ratios, porosity ratios, compressive strengths and thermal conductivity coefficients of the mixtures were measured. In addition the specimens exposed to elevated temperatures of 250, 500,750 and 1000 degrees C. Two different cooling methods were used (slow cooling and fast cooling). The residual compressive strengths of the specimens which were exposed to elevated temperatures were measured. In addition the mineral and texture changes of the specimens were examined by using plane polarized microscope. Test results indicated that, clinoptilolite substitution decreased the compressive strength of the specimens in early days, but increased at later days. The positive effects were observed about clinoptilolite substitution on the residual compressive strength of the specimens. It was observed from microscopic analyses that, as the amount of clinoptilolite increased in the mixtures, aggregates were less affected from elevated temperatures. Fast cooling (FC) method resulted in strength losses when compared to slow cooling (SC) method. Additionally, clinoptilolite substitution decreased the thermal conductivity coefficient of the concrete. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Mikrodalgaya Maruz Bırakmanın Granitik Kayaçlarının Mekanik Özellikleri Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Araştırılması(2018) Kahraman, Sair; Fener, MustafaKaya delme ve kesme teknolojisi son yüzyılda hızla gelişmiştir. Ancak, çok sert kayaçların delinmesi ve kesilmesinde düşük ilerleme hızı ve yüksek matkap ve keski aşınması gibi problemler bulunmaktadır. Çok sert kayaçların delinmesi veya kesilmesi esnasında ilerleme hızını arttırmak ve aşınmayı azaltmak amacıyla, son zamanlarda mikrodalga destekli kaya parçalama gibi bazı yenilikçi yöntemler üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar dikkat çekmektedir. Mikrodalgaya maruz bırakmanın granitik kayaçların mekanik özellikleri üzerindeki etkileri konusundaki çalışmalar yeni ve sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle, bu alanda araştırılacak birçok eksiklik bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, dokuz farklı granitik kayacın mekanik özellikleri üzerinde mikrodalgaya maruz bırakmanın etkileri araştırılmıştır. Mikrodalgaya maruz bırakmanın etki derecesi üzerinde mineral içeriğinin etkileri de incelenmiştir. Önce her kayaç cinsi için tek eksenli basınç dayanımı ve Brazilian çekme dayanımı deneyleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, her kayacın mineral içerik ve yüzdeleri belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra, dayanım deneyleri için hazırlanan ikinci grup numuneler mikrodalgaya maruz bırakılmışlardır. 1kW, 2kW ve 6kW mikrodalga güçleri 60s? den 420s? ye kadar değişen sürelerde uygulanmıştır. Sonra, mikrodalgaya maruz bırakılmış numuneler üzerinde dayanım deneyleri yapılmıştır. Mikrodalgaya maruz bırakılan her numunenin yüzey sıcaklığı da kızılötesi termometre ile ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca, mikrodalgaya maruz bırakmanın mikroskopik etkilerini görmek amacıyla mikrodalgaya maruz bırakılmış çekme dayanımı numunelerinden ince kesitler hazırlanmıştır. Deney sonuçların değerlendirilmesi, mikrodalgaya maruz bırakma sonrası ısı derecesinin ve dayanım kaybının her kayaç içi farklı olduğunu göstermiştir. Isınma derecesi ve dayanım kaybı genellikle artan mikrodalga gücü ve artan maruz bırakma süresi ile artmaktadır. Bir numunennin ısınma derecesi ve dayanım kaybı onun mineral içeriğine bağlıdır. Mikrodalgaya maruz bırakılan numunelerin ince kesitlerinin analizi, artan ısıya bağlı olarak mineral tane sınırlarının genişlediğini, mikroçatlakların geliştiğini ve minerallerin alterasyona uğradığını göstermiştir. Mikrodalgaya maruz bırakmanın granitik kayaçların mekanik ve mineralojik özellikleri üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ancak, konuyla ilgili ileride daha detaylı çalışmalar yapılmalıdır.Öğe Niğde bölgesindeki formasyonların deneysel yöntemler sonucu beton agregası olarak kullanıma uygunluğu(Niğde Üniversitesi, 2001) Fener, Mustafa; Çopuroğlu, İbrahimÖZET NİĞDE BÖLGESİ KAYA BİRİMLERİNİN ALTERNATİF BETON AGREGASl OLARAK KULLANIMA UYGUNLUĞUNUN ARAŞTIRILMASI FENER, Mustafa Niğde Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Danışmanı : Mayıs 2001 Ülkemizin değişik bölgelerinde bazı kurum ve kuruluşların (Karayolları, Devlet Su İşleri, hazır beton imal eden özel kuruluşlar v.s) agregalar üzerinde yaptıkları deney sonuçları; Niğde Bölgesinde Kırüstü Mevkiinden elde edilen ve halen binalarda beton yapı malzemesi olarak kullanılan malzemelere benzer özellik gösteren agregaların uygun nitelikte olmadıklarını ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmayla Niğde İlinin tamamını kapsayan L 32,33.34, M 32,33,34, paftaları içerisindeki sert kaya birimlerinin alternatif beton agregası olarak kullanıma uygunluğunun ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamı içerisinde beton agregasına uygun olabilecek altı farklı formasyon ve litodem birimi belirlenmiştir. Bu birimlerin mineralojik-petrografık,, fiziksel, mekanik ve elastik özelliklerini ortaya koyabilmek için araziden uygun büyüklükte ve nitelikte olan blok örnekleri alınmıştır. Bloklardan elde edilen farklı boy ve çaplardaki karotlar kullanılarak birimlerin fiziksel özelliklerinden; birim hacim ağırlıkları, özgül ağırlıkları, tane birim hacim ağırlıkları, poroziteleri (gözeneklilik), boşluk oranlan, su emme oranlan, doluluk oranları, donmaya karşı duyarlılık dereceleri, mekanik özelliklerinden; tek eksenli basınç dayanımları, üç eksenli basınç dayanımları, Los Angeles aşınma dayanımları, en direkt çekme dayanımları, nokta yük dayanımları, darbe dayanım katsayıları, Schmidt çekici dayanımları, elastik özeliklerden; dinamik elastisite modülleri, bulunarak, mineralojik ve kimyasal analizler yardımıyla birimler alkali-silis reaksiyonu yönünden değerlendirilmiştir.Elde edilen bulgular TSE standartlarına göre yorumlanmış, grafikler ve tablolar yardımıyla ifade edilmiştir, sonuçlar beklenildiği gibi bu birimlerin beton agregası olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Agrega, Beton, Alkali-Silis Reaksiyonu, Fiziksel Özelikler, Elastik Özelikler, Mekanik Özelikler.Öğe Predicting the noise level in rock sawing from the physico-mechanical and mineralogical properties of rocks(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2016) Kahraman, Sair; Delibalta, Mahmut S.; Comakli, Ramazan; Fener, MustafaMillions of employees in the World are exposed to noise at work. Block cutting machine is one of the most important noise sources in the stone processing plants. In this study, the predictability of the noise from the block cutting machines in the stone processing plants was investigated by using the physico-mechanical and mineralogical properties of rocks. The noise levels of some block cutting machines were firstly measured during the cutting of the three different rocks. Then, the core samples of the same rocks were cut by an automatic cutting machine in the laboratory and the noise levels were measured. A conversion factor was obtained by dividing the site noise levels by the laboratory noise levels. Then, nineteen different rocks were cut by the automatic cutting machine in the laboratory and the noise levels were measured. Strong correlations were found between the laboratory noise level and the rock properties. The noise level increases with increasing rock strength, abrasive mineral content, and density. However, increasing porosity decreases the noise level. It was concluded that the laboratory noise level for a new rock type to be cut can be estimated using the derived relations. Then, the laboratory noise level can be converted to the site noise level using the derived conversion factor. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Prediction of artificial soil's unconfined compression strength test using statistical analyses and artificial neural networks(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2010) Gunaydin, Osman; Gokoglu, Ali; Fener, MustafaLaboratory prediction of the unconfined compression strength (UCS) of cohesive soils is important to determine the shear strength properties. However, this study presents the application of different methods simple-multiple analysis and artificial neural networks for the prediction of the UCS from basic soil properties. Regression analysis and artificial neural networks prediction indicated that there exist acceptable correlations between soil properties and unconfined compression strength. Besides, artificial neural networks showed a higher performance than traditional statistical models for predicting UCS. Regression analysis and artificial neural network prediction indicated strong correlations (R(2) = 0.71-0.97) between basic soil properties and UCS. It has been shown that the correlation equations obtained by regression analyses are found to be reliable in practical situations. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Reply to the discussion by A. Sawangsuriya and D. Fratta on "Correlations between P-wave velocity and Atterberg limits of cohesive soils"(CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS, 2006) Fener, Mustafa; Kahraman, Sair; Bay, Yakup; Gunaydin, Osman[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Soil structure changes during compaction of a cohesive soil(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2007) Cetin, Hasan; Fener, Mustafa; Soeylemez, Mehmet; Guenaydin, OsmanOrientations of particles, pores and other constituents during compaction of an artificially made clayey soil were studied in order to investigate how soil structure, and in turn, engineering parameters such as dry unit weight, porosity, void ratio and compaction characteristics, change during compaction of a cohesive soil at different moisture contents on both the dry and wet sides of the optimum moisture content. The results show that the orientation pattern at the very dry stage of the compaction curve is nearly random. The overall degree of preferred orientation increases as the moisture content increases until the optimum moisture content is reached. Edge-edge contacts between the particles and/or domains at the very dry stage of the compaction curve first become mainly edge-face and then become face-face contacts near the optimum moisture content. Around the optimum moisture content, the overall degree of preferred orientation becomes the highest. From this point on, however, the overall degree of preferred orientation starts to decrease again indicating that further moisture content increase does not cause additional overall preferred orientation. The structure beyond the optimum moisture content is mainly characterised by long strings of differently oriented packets in the form of curved trajectories and mainly face-to-face contacts between the particles and/or domains in the packets. Though there is a high degree of preferred fabric orientation in each individual packet, the overall degree of preferred orientation decreases because the packets are themselves oriented in different directions. The results agree with previous studies showing that the soil fabric dry of optimum is randomly oriented but becomes increasingly oriented towards the optimum. However, as the moisture content increases on the wet side of optimum, the overall degree of preferred orientation decreases as opposed to the generally accepted view. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe The effect of mineralogy on the microwave assisted cutting of igneous rocks(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Kahraman, Sair; Sarbangholi, Faraz S.; Balci, Cemal; Fener, Mustafa; Karpuz, Ceyhun; Comakli, Ramazan; Unver, BahtiyarHard rocks can be excavated difficultly by some mechanical miners such as roadheaders. Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) can excavate hard rocks, but the cost is high due to low advance rate and high tool wear. The difficulties in hard rock excavation can be overcome by exposing hard rocks to microwave energy while cutting. This study investigates influence of mineralogy on the microwave assisted cutting of igneous rocks. The normal and cutting forces were measured during the cutting tests, and the specific energy values were calculated. The optimum specific energy (SEopt.) values reduce quite steadily with the increasing microwave power. The SEopt. of some tested crystalline rocks first increases at the low power (3 kW) and then decreases at the high power (6 kW). The losses in the SEopt. range from 22.5 to 38.7% at the power of 6 kW. The equations were also developed for the estimation of the SEopt. loss. Concluding remark is that the same rock types may be affected differently by microwave energy because of the different mineral types and percentages, and thus they behave diversely under cutting tests. The derived equations will be useful for the prediction of the SEopt. loss due to the microwave treatment.Öğe The effects of freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles on the Godene travertine used in historical structures in Konya (Turkey)(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2016) Gokce, Mehmedi Vehbi; Ince, Ismail; Fener, Mustafa; Taskiran, Taha; Kayabali, KamilTravertine, a building material used around the globe for its decorative and easy-to-be-worked features from past to present, is naturally exposed to the freeze-thaw (F-T) process in cold regions in winters. As a result of this process, building stones deteriorate partially or completely. The greatest factor during the F-T process is the existence of water. The water contained in the body (in discontinuities and pores) of a building stone freezes along with the fall of temperature below 0 degrees C. Following freezing, the volume of water contained in discontinuities and pores increases. New fractures develop on the surfaces of pores as a result of outward pressure due to this increase in volume. As the temperature drops below 0 degrees C, the volume of water increases again, due to freezing. This process repeats itself with the decrease and increase in temperature and causes undesired deteriorations in the bodies of stones. This issue is quite important from the point of view of preservation and restoration of historical buildings, and foreseeing the effects of the F-T process on new buildings to be designed. In this study, the effects of the F-T process on Godene travertine were investigated. Godene travertine is a stone that has been widely used in historical buildings in Konya, a city that also covers catal Hoytik, which is known as one of the oldest human settlements in Anatolia. The stone is still being used in buildings constructed in the region. Fresh travertine stones obtained from the quarry were exposed to freeze and thaw cycles in different numbers. Values of porosity (n), uniaxial compressive strength (sigma(u)), point load strength (I-s(50)), Brazilian tensile strength (sigma(t)), Bohme abrasion loss (BA) and P wave velocity (V-p) were statistically evaluated and thus, the effects of the number of cycles on basic physical and mechanical characteristics of the Godene stone were investigated. Furthermore, deteriorations that took place in historical structures in the region were case-studied. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Vertical pore structure profile of a compacted clayey soil(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2013) Fener, Mustafa; Yesiller, NazliAn investigation was conducted to determine the vertical profile of the pore structure of a compacted clayey soil. Specimens were prepared at the dry and wet sides of optimum water content using standard compaction effort. Thin sections were prepared for microscopic analysis along vertical profiles throughout the depth of the specimens. The relative quantities of pores in the compacted specimens were determined using data obtained from image analysis of the thin sections. The parameter Pore Area Ratio (PAR) was introduced as the quotient of the area of pores to the total area for a given image to quantify pore structure. The results of the analysis indicated that PAR varied significantly from the top to the bottom of the specimens. This trend was strongest in the dry of optimum and near optimum water content specimens and less pronounced in the wet of optimum specimens, in particular under very wet conditions. The common standardized impact compaction testing procedure (i.e., standard compaction test) resulted in significant variation in the vertical pore profile of the specimens due to the cumulatively higher energy applied to the specimens near the bottom and lower energy applied to the specimens near the top. Larger and more connected pores were present in the top layers of the specimens, whereas the pores were smaller and less connected in the bottom layers of the specimens. In general, the PAR decreased with the depth of the specimens with the highest PAR observed at the top and the lowest PAR observed at the bottom of the specimens. The differences in PAR were commonly twofold to threefold between the top and bottom layers of the soils. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
