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    Escherichia coli O157 in fish: Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation capacity, and molecular characterization
    (Elsevier, 2020) Onmaz, Nurhan Ertas; Yildirim, Yeliz; Karadal, Fulden; Hizlisoy, Harun; Al, Serhat; Gungor, Candan; Disli, H. Burak
    This study was performed to survey the incidence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination in fish samples which were obtained from different fish farms and retail markets. For this purpose, a total of 140 fish samples were analyzed according to ISO 16654 and screened for virulence genes by mPCR. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed with the disc diffusion method and isolates were genotyped by using Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR. Of the 140 analyzed sample, two (1.4%), from the same farm, were found to be contaminated with E. coli O157 serogroup, one of which harbored stx1 and the other eaeA gene. E. coli O157 serogroup were resistant to only ciprofloxacin and were not capable of forming biofilm and their ERIC-PCR patterns were different. In conclusion, the existence of pathogenic E. coli O157 serogroup in fish samples might be a significant threat to public health and fish could serve as a vehicle for transmission of these bacteria to consumers in Turkey.
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    Mycotoxigenic and phylogenetic perspective to the yeasts and filamentous moulds in mould-matured Turkish cheese
    (Elsevier, 2021) Onmaz, Nurhan Ertas; Gungor, Candan; Al, Serhat; Dishan, Adalet; Hizlisoy, Harun; Yildirim, Yeliz; Tekinsen, Filiz Kasap
    This study was conducted to determine the diversity of yeasts and filamentous moulds in mould-matured cheese (MMC) consumed in Turkey. Overall, 120 samples were collected from 12 different geographical locations between March 2016 and April 2017. The morphological observation was applied in combination with matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and molecular analyses to determine yeasts and filamentous moulds in the cheeses. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique was used to evaluate the ability of mycotoxins production of fungal isolates and the presence of mycotoxins in cheese samples. A total of 241 fungi (81 filamentous moulds and 160 yeast) were recovered, and Penicillium roqueforti and Debaryomyces hansenii were the most frequently isolated species in all cheese samples. The rep-PCR results indicated a high level of genetic diversity among fungal isolates, regardless of isolation source or geographical origin. Filamentous mould strains isolated from MMC were found to synthesize at least one mycotoxin (Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2, citrinine, cyclopiazonic acid, mycophenolic acid, ochratoxin A, penicillic acid and roquefortine C). Although mycotoxin producing ability was observed from all isolates, none of the cheese samples were found positive for these mycotoxins. AFM1 was detected in 8 (6.6%) MMC samples from which 2 (1.6%) were above the legal limits (0.05 mu g/kg) set by the Turkish Food Codex (TFC) and European Commission (EC). In conclusion, Turkish MMCs were found to be contaminated with toxigenic fungi, so a potential public health risk, while low, exists. Therefore, the selection of nontoxigenic filamentous mould strains for cheese manufacturing and control of the ripening conditions is a critical need to ensure the quality and safety of Turkish MMC.
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    The determination of meat species by PCR-RFLP method using mitochondrial ND4 gene in pastirma, a traditional dry cured meat product
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Al, Serhat; Hizlisoy, Harun; Ertas Onmaz, Nurhan; Karadal, Fulden; Gungor, Candan; Yildirim, Yeliz; Gonulalan, Zafer
    Pastirma is a high value, traditional, dry cured, and edible coated meat product. For economic and sociocultural reasons, it is important to know which meat species are used in pastirma. The present study aims to carry out the determination of the meat species in pastirma. A total of 144 pastirma samples were collected from different stores. After genomic DNA isolation, the total DNAs obtained were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specially designed novel primers amplifying the mitochondrial ND4 (MT-ND4) gene region, specific for cattle (Bos taurus), water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), horse (Equus caballus), and donkey (Equus asinus) species. For the identification of the meat species, gel purified 952 bp PCR products were digested with fast digest SaqAI restriction enzymes selected based on preliminary in silico analyses. The results of the present study revealed that all of the pastirma samples were made from cattle meat. Cross-reactions and false-positive identifications are serious problems in routine determination of the meat species in food control laboratories. It is important to perform fast, inexpensive determination with high sensitivity and specificity for the identification of meat species. This study has shown that meat species can be detected with high specificity in products such as pastirma, which uses large pieces of meat cuts.