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Öğe An assessment of deterioration in cultural heritage: the unique case of Eflatunpinar Hittite Water Monument in Konya, Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Bozdag, Ali; Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ayla; Hatir, M. Ergun; Tosunlar, M. Bahadir; Korkanc, MustafaStone monuments are important symbols of cultural heritage of countries. However, many environmental factors negatively affect these monuments. The increasing damage on the stone monuments and the danger of irreversible loss of cultural heritage have resulted in growing efforts for the preservation of the monuments. Eflatunpinar Hittite Water Monument in Beysehir, Konya, Turkey, is a unique Hittite cultural monument that has survived for nearly 3200 years even though it has been exposed to many environmental effects. In this study, non-destructive testing (NDT) was used to detect the degradation on the building stones of the Eflatunpinar Hittite Water Monument and change-deterioration maps were prepared subsequently. It was also investigated whether the chemistry of the Eflatunpinar spring water may cause deterioration. Additionally, the petrographic, chemical, and physico-mechanical properties of the rocks taken from the ancient stone quarry were determined in order to compare with the properties of the monument's building stones. Based on the physico-chemical characteristics of the Eflatunpinar spring water and XRD results of crusts in building stone surface of the monument, it was identified that water can be effective on the formation of calcite and gypsum crusts especially in the lower parts of the monument. However, applied NDT methods and change-deterioration maps indicated that the deterioration as well as neglect and abandonment in the monument are mostly associated with the capillary effect of the flowing water through the structure and the deterioration effect is more apparent in contact points between the building stone and the flowing water. Additionally, in the building stones above the capillary front, the conservation condition is significantly better.Öğe Ancient Isaura Quarries in and Around Zengibar Castle (Bozkir, Konya), Central Anatolia, Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Gokce, Mehmedi Vehbi; Ince, Ismail; Okuyucu, Cengiz; Doganay, Osman; Fener, MustafaZengibar Castle was built by the Isaurian during antique ages on the summit of Mount Asar, approximately 20 km west of the town of Bozkir, Konya, Turkey. The aims of this study are to determine the lithological, petrographic, and mechanical characteristics of the building stones that were used to construct the walls and buildings in Zengibar Castle in order to determine the quarrying techniques of these stones and to determine which structures they were used in. A number of antique quarries of various sizes were located in Isaura, four of which produced a significantly higher volume of building stones. These antique quarries were mostly located on hillsides in carbonate rock of the Late Triassic Dutdere formation located in the Bolkardagi Units and were run phase by phase. The porosity range of the rocks was found to be between 0.85 and 0.90% and the dry density and uniaxial compressive strength were found to range from 2.67 to 2.68 g/cm(3)and 83.10 to 96.60 MPa, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the stones that were quarried in these quarries were used as the main building material or flooring material in various constructions in Zengibar Castle, including religious buildings such as temples and chapels, social buildings such as dwellings, theaters, baths, fountains, and cemeteries, defense and security structures such as watchtowers, fortification walls, and city gates, in monumental tombs, and in stones in which reliefs and inscriptions were carved.Öğe Atmospheric and anthropogenic deterioration of the Ivriz rock monument: Eregli-Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Korkanc, Mustafa; Ince, Ismail; Hatir, M. Ergun; Tosunlar, M. BahadirThe aim of this study is to determine the extent of deterioration of the limestone on which the Ivriz rock monument is engraved. This monument is near Aydinkent (Ivriz) village and located 12 km from the Eregli district of Konya. The height of the Ivriz Hittite monument is 4.20 m and its width is 2.40 m. It dates back to the second-half of the eighth century BC. The rocks on which the reliefs are engraved are limestone; the lower parts are brecciated with open cracks, and the upper parts show fewer cracks with smaller gaps. To enable the identification of the characteristics of the rocks on which the figures are located, non-destructive methods were used. Surface humidity, P wave velocity, thermal imaging, and Schmidt hardness measurement were applied to the wall surface of the monument, and mapping studies were conducted. Surface humidity varied between 26 and 58% with the highest values measured in the sections where the cracks are densest. The P wave velocity measured at the rock monument varied between 1.6 and 5.8 km/s, with the lowest values found in the sections where cracks were denser. Schmidt rebound values varied between 18 and 42, with higher values obtained in those sections with fewer effects of deterioration. According to the detailed observations and data obtained from non-destructive techniques (NDT) and laboratory data, the most significant deterioration has resulted from atmospheric conditions and damage by humans. The most common effects of degradation in this area are erosion by water, granular disintegration, cracks, microkarst, black crust, biodegradation (lichen, algae, and higher plants), and vandalism.Öğe EVALUATION OF WEATHERING EFFECTS DUE TO SURFACE AND DEEP MOISTURE IN A ROMAN ROCK TOMB: LUKIANOS MONUMENT KONYA (TURKEY)(Univ Agean, Dept Mediterranean Stud, 2020) Ince, Ismail; Korkanc, Mustafa; Hatir, M. ErgunWater is an integral component of direct and indirect decomposition processes that may lead to the deterioration of stone building materials in cultural heritage. Since the deterioration effects caused by water may cause irreversible problems in the whole monument, the detection of water is extremely important. Although there are many methods of moisture measurement (nuclear magnetic resonance, electrical resistance measuring, infrared thermography, radar, moisture meter) in the literature, there is no study in which deep and surface moisture values are evaluated together in monuments. For this purpose, the Lukianos Monument (Beysehir, Konya-Turkey), which was created by carving on the rock surface, was investigated for a better understanding of the causes and development of the deterioration mechanisms of cultural stone heritage using surface moisture (SM) and deep moisture (DM) meters. It was aimed to determine the behavior of surface and subsurface water in the stone material by applying both methods. For this, firstly, deep and surface moisture data were processed on orthophoto obtained from the photographs of the monument. The P-wave velocity (Vp) test was also performed to determine the deterioration effects caused by water, which is mostly present in the form of moisture in structures on the rock. According to the results obtained from the study, contour scaling type deterioration and lower P-wave velocity values were obtained in parts where low DM values were determined in response to high SM values. The development of biological colonizationwas commonly observed in the regions with high moisture (surface and deep) values.Öğe HISTORICAL GRANARIES AT TASKALE (TURKEY) UNDER RISK: A GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS(Univ Agean, Dept Mediterranean Stud, 2018) Korkanc, Mustafa; Ince, Ismail; Hatir, M. Ergun; Tosunlar, M. BahadirGranaries are bioclimatic conservation structures with various forms using in different countries. In the past, granaries have been an important structure in both the storage and conservation of products (such as like wheat, barley, oats). According to the historical documents, the Taskale village includes the studied granaries have been using as a settlement area since the Byzantine period. Recently, rockfalls have observed on the walls of the northeastern parts of these historical granaries. The geological and geotechnical features of the rock units used in these areas were determined to understand such problems. In the field, the rocks with different colours and textural characteristics have taken into account and sampling has carried out from three different levels. Laboratory studies were conducted for determining the mineralogical, chemical, petrographic and geomechanical properties. The granaries in the region carved in the fossiliferous reefal limestones and clayey-sandy limestones. These limestone levels are more sensitive to atmospheric conditions than the overlaying travertine. The aim of the study is to provide geotechnical data to use in the conservation processes of the ancient Taskale granaries.Öğe Intelligent detection of deterioration in cultural stone heritage(Elsevier, 2021) Hatir, M. Ergun; Ince, Ismail; Korkanc, MustafaVision-based periodic examination of the deterioration of stone monuments over time is labour and time intensive. Especially, in cases involving large-scale immovable cultural heritage, the workforce is considerably increased, along with the possibility of occurrence of errors. Any misdiagnoses in the deterioration may cause irreversible structural problems in monuments, and thus, it is necessary to develop alternative examination methods. Computer-vision methods represent an effective solution to eliminate both human errors and difficulties in the field. Therefore, this study aims to adopt the Mask R-CNN algorithm, which is a computer-vision method, to detect and map the deteriorations observed in the Gumus, ler archaeological site and monastery (cracks, discontinuities, contour scaling, missing parts, biological colonization, presence of higher plants, de-posits, efflorescence, and loss of fresco). First, 1740 images were collected from the site, and the model was trained by labelling the distortions in these images according to their types. Later, the model was tested on four outdoor and two indoor views. The developed model achieved an average precision ranging between 91.591% and 100%, and the mean average precision was 98.186%. These results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can enable mapping to promptly and automatically detect the deterioration in large monuments.Öğe Investigation of the relationships between basic physical and mechanical properties and abrasion wear resistance of several natural building stones used in Turkey(Elsevier, 2021) Mohammed, Abdualrahman Ali Adam; Fener, Mustafa; Comakli, Ramazan; Ince, Ismail; Balci, Mehmet Can; Kayabali, KamilFrom the past to the present, natural building stone has been used as construction materials in important buildings, architectural works, and civil engineering projects due to its characteristics, which include hardness, durability, decorative appearance, and easy shaping. Nevertheless, there are several significant properties such as abrasion resistance that limit its usability. Since natural stone wears over time, its abrasion wear resistance should be determined before use. One of the most widely used methods for testing to determine the abrasion resistance of natural stone is the Bohme abrasion test. However, this method has a number of disadvantages including sample preparation, labor, and difficult test procedures. Moreover, this testing device is not typically available in all laboratories or analysis centers. The aim of this study was to establish equations based on the basic physical and mechanical properties of natural building stone in order to estimate the abrasion wear resistance. Therefore, the relationships between the Bohme abrasion test results and the basic physical and mechanical properties such as porosity, percentage of water absorption by weight, dry unit weight, density, and uniaxial compressive strength of 22 different natural building stones, collected at different locations in Turkey, are analyzed statistically. Simple and multiple regression analyses were performed to identify the best relationships, and all the obtained equations were assigned correlation coefficient (R-2) values. The results indicated that there are strong correlations between the Bohme abrasion test results and the basic physical properties of natural building stone, and a moderate relationship with uniaxial compressive strength.Öğe Leeb Hardness Approach in the Determination of Strength after Accelerated Weathering Tests(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ali; Korkanc, MustafaThis study aimed to investigate the usability of the Leeb hardness test in determining changes in strength as a result of atmospheric weathering in works of cultural heritage built with low-strength pyroclastic rocks. To this end, the effects of weathering processes on strength properties were investigated in two building stones commonly used in Ni & gbreve;de province located in the Cappadocia (Turkey) region, which contains the most important works of cultural heritage created using low-strength pyroclastic rocks. The index, strength, mineralogical, and petrographic properties of rocks were first investigated. Then, freeze-thaw (F-T) and salt crystallization (SC) tests, the weathering processes of which consisted of six periods, were performed on samples prepared in cubic form. After the F-T and SC processes, the macro change in the samples and changes in weight loss, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and Leeb hardness (HL) values were determined. Highly correlated linear relationships were obtained between the SC and F-T cycles of the samples and the UCS and HL values. The HL test was applied to samples for which the UCS test could not be applied due to the loss of sample integrity after the advancing cycles of the accelerated weathering tests. Linear relationships with high correlation were determined between the UCS and HL values obtained from the samples after the accelerated weathering test. This study revealed that the HL approach could be used as an alternative in modeling the strength parameters of the weathering processes of the structures of cultural heritage built using low-strength rocks.Öğe The deep learning method applied to the detection and mapping of stone deterioration in open-air sanctuaries of the Hittite period in Anatolia(Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2021) Hatir, Ergun; Korkanc, Mustafa; Schachner, Andreas; Ince, IsmailThe detection of deterioration in archeological heritage sites is a very time-consuming task that requires expertise. Furthermore, vision-based approaches can cause errors, considering the complex types of de-terioration that develop in different scales and forms in monuments. This problem can be solved effec-tively owing to computer vision algorithms, commonly used in different areas nowadays. This study aims to develop a model that automatically detects and maps deteriorations (biological colonization, contour scaling, crack, higher plant, impact damage, microkarst, missing part) and restoration interventions using the Mask R-CNN algorithm, which has recently come to the fore with its feature of recognizing small and large-sized objects. To this end, a total of 2460 images of Yazilikaya monuments in the Hattusa archeo-logical site, which is on the UNESCO heritage list, were gathered. In the training phase of the proposed method, it was trained in model 1 to distinguish deposit deterioration commonly observed on the surface of monuments from other anomalies. Other anomalies trained were model 2. In this phase of the models, the average precision values with high accuracy rates ranging from 89.624% to 100% were obtained for the deterioration classes. The developed algorithms were tested on 4 different rock reliefs in Yazilikaya, which were not used in the training phase. In addition, an image of the Eflatunpinar water monument, which is on the UNESCO tentative list, was used to test the model's universality. According to the test results, it was determined that the models could be successfully applied to obtain maps of deterioration and restoration interventions in monuments in different regions. (c) 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Öğe The Determination of Deteriorations on The Misirlioglu Bridge (Konya, Turkey) by Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT)(Selcuk Univ, 2018) Tosunlar, Mehmet Bahadir; Hatir, Mehmet Ergun; Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ali; Korkanc, MustafaTransportation has been one of the basic requirements of humanity since the earliest periods of civilization. One of the architectural structures designed to meet this requirement is historic stone bridges. One of the most important stages in these conservation works is the assessment of materials that constitute the structures. Non-destructive testing techniques (NDT) are widely used to obtain qualitative data and also make comparisons. In this study, it was aimed to determine deteriorations on the Misirlioglu Bridge located in Sille settlement of Konya by NDT technique and to form the map from obtained values to perform conservation works. As a result of the analyses performed, considerable deteriorations in the building stones used in the abutments and arches of the structure were determined. Besides, it is detected that uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) value of the fresh samples is high (UCS: 61 MPa) while UCS values of the building stones used at the bridge decrease in the range of low and high (8-51 MPa) due to the atmospheric effects.Öğe The effects of freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles on the Godene travertine used in historical structures in Konya (Turkey)(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2016) Gokce, Mehmedi Vehbi; Ince, Ismail; Fener, Mustafa; Taskiran, Taha; Kayabali, KamilTravertine, a building material used around the globe for its decorative and easy-to-be-worked features from past to present, is naturally exposed to the freeze-thaw (F-T) process in cold regions in winters. As a result of this process, building stones deteriorate partially or completely. The greatest factor during the F-T process is the existence of water. The water contained in the body (in discontinuities and pores) of a building stone freezes along with the fall of temperature below 0 degrees C. Following freezing, the volume of water contained in discontinuities and pores increases. New fractures develop on the surfaces of pores as a result of outward pressure due to this increase in volume. As the temperature drops below 0 degrees C, the volume of water increases again, due to freezing. This process repeats itself with the decrease and increase in temperature and causes undesired deteriorations in the bodies of stones. This issue is quite important from the point of view of preservation and restoration of historical buildings, and foreseeing the effects of the F-T process on new buildings to be designed. In this study, the effects of the F-T process on Godene travertine were investigated. Godene travertine is a stone that has been widely used in historical buildings in Konya, a city that also covers catal Hoytik, which is known as one of the oldest human settlements in Anatolia. The stone is still being used in buildings constructed in the region. Fresh travertine stones obtained from the quarry were exposed to freeze and thaw cycles in different numbers. Values of porosity (n), uniaxial compressive strength (sigma(u)), point load strength (I-s(50)), Brazilian tensile strength (sigma(t)), Bohme abrasion loss (BA) and P wave velocity (V-p) were statistically evaluated and thus, the effects of the number of cycles on basic physical and mechanical characteristics of the Godene stone were investigated. Furthermore, deteriorations that took place in historical structures in the region were case-studied. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
