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Öğe A global perspective of education in weed science(Cambridge Univ Press, 2023) Ahmad, Taseer; Jabran, Khawar; Cheema, Zahid Ata; Bajwa, Ali Ahsan; Farooq, MuhammadIn modern agriculture, weed problems are predicted to worsen and become more complicated as a result of increasing invasiveness, herbicide resistance, and emphasis on high-input methods. Weeds cause huge economic yield losses that range from US$100 million to US$26 billion globally. The knowledge of weed science has offered success in the past through effective, reasonably priced, and secure technologies; specifically, synthetic herbicides to effectively control weeds in agroecosystems. Weed science is accepted and adopted by many universities with teaching, research, and/or extension programs in agriculture. Globally, approximately 7% of all the universities offering agricultural education have dedicated weed science departments focusing on weed biology, ecology, and management. Some universities also offer weed science degree programs or at least certain courses in their degrees related to associated disciplines, such as plant protection, agronomy, and ecology. Although substantial advances have been made in weed science, such as a separate weed science discipline, specialized journals, and specific weed science societies and conferences worldwide, many constraints (e.g., lack of trained weed scientists) and barriers to adoption of new weed science technologies remain. Slow modernization in weed science research and low funding has slowed the progress of this discipline. New curricula in the weed science discipline should focus on the role of biochemistry, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, and genetics in weed science research.Öğe Agriculture and Crop Protection; Its Global Importance and Relationship with Climate Change(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Florentine, Singarayer; Chauhan, Bhagirath Singh; Jabran, KhawarAgricultural practice, which includes well-established systems of cropping, pasture and forestry, represents a continual and essential dependence on healthy arable land across the globe and requires safeguarding with sustainable fertilization and pest control measures. This natural resource system must be continually protected from deliberate and inadvertent damage, in order to provide a suitable source of current and future amenities for all inhabitants of the planet. In this respect, it is morally and ethically necessary that we strive to manage the productivity and well-being of agricultural land in a way that will fulfil the necessities of the present generations and do not compromise needs of the future generations (Bruntland et al. 2012). © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.Öğe Allelopathy for Weed Management(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2020) Farooq, Naila; Abbas, Tasawer; Tanveer, Asif; Jabran, KhawarA large number of plant and weed species produce secondary metabolites known as allelochemicals, and the process is known as allelopathy. Allelochemicals can be used to control weeds in agricultural systems by using allelopathic crops for intercropping, crop rotation, or mulching. A few important examples of crop species with high allelopathic potential may include (but not limited to) wheat, rice, sorghum, rye, barley, and sunflower. The naturally produced allelochemicals in these crops could be manipulated to suppress weeds and witness an environment-friendly and sustainable agricultural production system. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Alopecurus myosuroides(Elsevier, 2021) Ahmad, Taseer; Jabran, Khawar; Moss, Stephen RichardWeeds affect crops by directly competing for water, nutrients, light, and space and can cause a severe reduction in yield if left uncontrolled in the field. Weed management is one of the main aspects for successful crop production. Alopecurus myosuroides is a major annual weed, especially in Western Europe and Western Asia, and is well adapted to arable cropping situations. This weed causes substantial yield losses in a range of different crops, especially cereals. Due to its rapid emergence and adaption to arable cropping rotations, it can remain in the field for long periods of time and effectively compete with cultivated crops. Alopecurus myosuroides has a high reproductive rate, as a consequence of its high seed output, and populations can build up rapidly. It is one of the most important herbicide-resistant weeds in Europe and some West Asian countries, including Turkey and Israel, and its resistance evolution is much faster when compared with many other herbicide-resistant weeds. This weed species has become a serious threat to current cropping systems due to its wide genetic diversity, invasiveness, and ecological adaptations. This chapter reviews all aspects of A. myosuroides systematics and morphology, habitat and distribution, germination, reproduction, seed dispersal mechanism, seed biology, and its invasive properties. Management scenarios, including future prospects, are also discussed. The importance of the role that cultural practices play in weed control is emphasized (including crop rotation, plowing, delayed autumn sowing, use of competitive crop cultivars, spring cropping, fallowing, and use of high seed rates). Integrated management approaches, which include a greater emphasis on nonchemical methods, as well as more rational herbicide use, are vital in avoiding ever-increasing problems with herbicide resistance. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Alternate wetting and drying system for water management in rice(Springer Singapore, 2019) Mubeen, Khuram; Jabran, KhawarAlternate wetting and drying (AWD) is aimed at saving water and maintaining comparable grain yields in the rice farming. It is a system of water management which involves the drying and rewatering of rice fields periodically. Rewatering is done to about 5 cm depth after the water level has fallen to 15 cm soil depth. This practice is repeated during the whole crop growing period except the flowering stage where the water level is maintained at up to 5 cm water depth. In order to get the best out of the AWD, it is important to select the right soil type, maintain the optimum plant population, apply nitrogen timely, and maintain the correct duration of wetting and drying. Fields under AWD may be ponded with water for 2-3 weeks for the cultural control of weeds. A good coordination among stakeholders may assist in attaining the maximum benefits from AWD. AWD also reduces arsenic in the rice grains and methane emission from the rice fields. It improves growth of root and canopy structure. Correct implementation of AWD can impart intended outputs on sustainable basis to tackle water scarce condition without losing rice productivity. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.Öğe An Introduction to Global Production Trends and Uses, History and Evolution, and Genetic and Biotechnological Improvements in Cotton(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2020) Jabran, Khawar; Ul-Allah, Sami; Chauhan, Bhagirath Singh; Bakhsh, Allah[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Assessment of morphological and biochemical characteristics of common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) accessions(Univ Agriculture, Fac Veterinary Science, 2022) Naeem, Muhammad Yasir; Jabran, Khawar; Ozden, Mustafa; Joiya, Allah BakhshCommon purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), is both a wild plant and a weed, and is also recognized for its edible and nutritional value. This study determined morphological and biochemical characteristics of 25 accessions of common purslane. Seeds of the accessions were collected from various locations in Turkiye. The experiment was done four times; two repeats of it were used for recording morphological data while the other two were used for biochemical analysis. Results showed that the accessions BT-Altinkulak, Assem, and Yerli were respectively recorded for the highest plant height, root fresh weight, and plant fresh weight. The highest moisture content (95.14 %) and leaf fresh weight (39.18 g) were exhibited in the Yerli accession. Root length for all the accessions ranged from 18.2 to 30 cm. For biochemical characterization, the highest total phenolic content was found in accession Yagmur (685.4 mg AEE 100-1) while the highest total flavonoid content was found in Assya (0.569 mg mL-1). Anthocyanin was found the highest in Agr Tohum (1.09 mu g mL-1). Cookies were prepared from a mix of common purslane accessions with three different leaf powder quantities i.e., 10 g, 20 g, and 30 g. In product development, cookies with 10 g common purslane powder were found to be the best for all sensory characteristics. Results showed that common purslane accessions are a rich source of various bioactive compounds and have highly diverse morphological and biochemical traits. This diversity among common purslane accessions will assist plant breeding programs in future for the domestication of this wild plant.Öğe Assuring Crop Protection in the Face of Climate Change Through an Understanding of Herbicide Metabolisms and Enhanced Weed Control Strategies(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Kaur, Simerjeet; Jabran, Khawar; Florentine, Singarayer; Chauhan, Bhagirath S.The prevention and management of weeds have been difficult throughout the history of food production. We are now entering into a new era where new challenges are arising more rapidly due in part to the rapid population growth, which places an unprecedented demand upon both natural and agricultural ecosystems to fulfil food, fibre, and feed for at least another two billion people by 2050. Climatic change is associated with a higher frequency of extreme weather events, and it is generally agreed that this will have a drastic impact on ecosystem productivity and biodiversity. The present world atmospheric temperature has increased by 1.0 °C since 1900 with half of this rise coming in the past 30 years. Crop production is directly affected by the direct effects of climate change (temperature and water stress) and indirect effects of increased competition from weeds and other pest species. In a field situation, crop plants are inevitably surrounded by an assemblage of C3 and C4 plants, and a considerable variation in the growth response of weeds to climate change have been reported. In this chapter, we present an overview of the impact of temperature rise, carbon dioxide increase, and changed rainfall patterns on weed composition, distribution, abundance, and our current approaches to weed management. There is a high risk that some weed species will shift their range with the change in temperature and precipitation patterns. The efficacy of chemical weed control depends on the environmental conditions before, during and after the herbicide application. The changes in physiology, morphology, and anatomy of plants will result in altered weed growth, crop-weed competition, and herbicide efficacy under elevated temperature and/or carbon dioxide. Global warming may increase the risk of evolution of nontarget site resistance mechanisms against herbicides in the weed plants and thus decrease herbicide efficacy. The anticipated actions in these areas are also discussed in the end which may enhance our understanding of the impact of climate change on the practice and future of weed management and crop production. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.Öğe Competitive ability and plasticity of Wedelia trilobata (L.) under wetland hydrological variations(Nature Portfolio, 2020) Javed, Qaiser; Sun, Jianfan; Azeem, Ahmad; Jabran, Khawar; Du, DaolinGrowth behavior of different species under different habitats can be studied by comparing the production of biomass, plasticity index and relative competitive interaction. However, these functional traits of invasive species received rare consideration for determining the invasion success of invasive species at wetlands. Here, we examined the effect of water depth at 5cm and 15cm (static and fluctuated) with different nutrient concentrations (full-strength (n1), 1/4-strength (n2) and 1/8-strength (n3) Hoagland solution) on functional traits of invasive Wedelia trilobata and its congener native Wedelia chinensis under mono and mixed culture. Water depth of 5cm with any of the nutrient treatments (n1, n2 and n3) significantly restrained the photosynthesis, leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) of both W. trilobata and W. chinensis. While, increase in the water depth to 15cm with low nutrient treatment (n3) reduced more of biomass of W. chinensis under mixed culture. However, relative competition interaction (RCI) was recorded positive for W. trilobata and seemingly W. trilobata benefited more from RCI under high-fluctuated water depth at 15cm in mixed culture. Therefore, higher PNUE, more competitive ability and higher plasticity may contribute to the invasiveness of W. trilobata in wetlands.Öğe Competitive ability of imidazolinone-tolerant rice (cv. Luna) with different weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) biotypes(Springer, 2023) Pala, Firat; Mennan, Husrev; Jabran, KhawarWeedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is becoming a significant concern in rice (O. sativa L.) cultivation in Turkey, despite its recent introduction. These studies determined the competitive ability of different weedy rice biotypes and yield responses of imidazolinone (IMI)-tolerant variety Luna when grown in competition with variable population densities of weedy rice. The field experiments were conducted at a farmer's field, Trachea Region Edirne Turkey in 2017 and 2018. A split plot design was used in which three different straw hull weedy rice biotypes (i) awnless (WRB-1), (ii) short-awned (WRB-2), and (iii) long-awned (WRB-3) were kept in the main-plots and three weedy rice densities (i) being free of weeds, (ii) being low in weed density (< 10 plants m-2), and (iii) having a high weed density (> 30 plants m-2) were in the subplots. Weedy rice biotypes significantly decreased the biomass, the tiller production, the leaf area, the plant height, and grain yield of Luna rice variety; however, the biotypes differed in their effect on Luna rice. The weedy rice genotype WRB-1 decreased the growth parameters of rice to the largest extent. All weedy rice biotypes (both at low and high densities of weedy rice) decreased the grain yield of Luna rice while the weed-free plots produced the highest grain yield. WRB-1 exposed to environments with a high density of weeds could decrease rice yield by 17.8%. In conclusion, weedy rice biotypes varied for their competitive ability against the cultivated rice and WRB-1 was the most competitive biotype.Öğe Conclusions and future prospective in potato production(Elsevier, 2022) Bakhsh, Allah; Jabran, Khawar; Nazik, Noman; Çalışkan, Mehmet EminPotato is a crop of future and possesses a strong link to global food security, particularly in the wake of fast-increasing human population. Considering the global importance of potato, it is important to maintain its yield and sustain its productivity. In the same context, the book Potato Production Worldwide covers the current state of the art of potato production with a particular focus on topics such as potato history, origin and taxonomy, biotic and abiotic stresses in potato production, water and nutrition management in potato, seed potato production, postharvest physiology and storage, and recent genetic, molecular, and biotechnology approaches in potato production. Further, the book also addressed specific issues and relevant solutions in important potato-producing regions of the world. This is the final and “conclusions” chapter of the book and is aimed to provide a summary of the topics discussed in the book, particularly the topics of global potato production trends, potato plant protection, importance of seed potato production, and smart farming. Further, the topics that were absent or insufficiently covered in the book have also been addressed in this chapter. Important of these are as follows: organic potato production, climate change and sustainable potato production, harmful and useful secondary metabolites in potato, colored potatoes, and novel agronomic approaches to improve potato productivity and sustainability. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Cotton Production in Pakistan(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2020) Ali, Muhammad Amjad; Farooq, Jehanzeb; Batool, Asia; Zahoor, Adil; Azeem, Farrukh; Mahmood, Abid; Jabran, Khawar[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Cotton relay intercropping under continuous cotton-wheat cropping system(Springer Singapore, 2020) Jabran, Khawar; Nawaz, Ahmad; Uludag, Ahmet; Ahmad, Shakeel; Hussain, MubsharCotton-wheat is an important cropping system of the world in which cotton is sown after harvest of wheat in the start of summer season. In the recent decades, Bt cotton cultivars have been introduced to better combat the bollworms. However, the Bt cotton cultivars have a growth period longer than the conventional cotton cultivars. This situation pressured the farmers to opt to grow either wheat or cotton in a single year. This not only could result in economic loss to farmers but also could threaten the food security of the cropping region. Relay cropping of cotton in wheat was suggested by an innovative solution for maintaining the productivity and sustainability of cotton-wheat cropping system. Relay cropping of cotton in wheat could be done either by inter-seeding the seeds of cotton in free space between the wheat strips (while wheat is at reproductive phase) or by transplanting the 5-7-weekold cotton seedlings between the wheat strips. Subsequent research work indicated that relay cropping could improve the resource use efficiency and overall productivity of the cotton-wheat cropping system. In a 2-year study in Punjab, Pakistan, conducted at two locations, intercropping cotton in bed/ridge-sown wheat in early March improved the overall system productivity and cotton fiber quality as compared with conventionally tilled cotton sown after harvest of flat-sown wheat in late April. Future research may investigate the weed control and incorporation of conservation agricultural practices in the cotton-wheat relay intercropping systems. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020. All rights reserved.Öğe Critical period for weed control in sesame production(Wiley, 2019) Karnas, Zeynep; Isik, Dogan; Tursun, Nihat; Jabran, KhawarPlanning effective weed control in cropping systems requires exact appraisal of the weed intensity and duration of their competition with the crops. This 2-year study was carried out in order to determine the critical weed control period in sesame fields. Related and relative crop yields were monitored and analyzed using a four-parametric log-logistic model. We recorded data from weed-free plots and compared these with data from different periods of weed interference. In both the study years, the longer period of weed interference decreased the relative yield of sesame, whereas the yield was increased with increasing duration of the weed-free period. A 51-78.7% decline in sesame yield was noted if the weeds were allowed to compete with the crop from planting to harvest. In the first year, the duration of the critical period for weed control (CPWC) was 177-820 growing degree days (GDD), which corresponded to 14-64 days after crop emergence (DAE), and between 170 and 837 GDD (13-64 DAE) in the second year; this was based on a 5% acceptable yield loss. The results of this study clearly elaborated that maintaining weed-free conditions is compulsory from as early as the second week after the emergence of sesame plants, and this should be maintained at least until the ninth week to avoid sesame yield losses by more than 5%. These findings show that growers can benefit from CPWC to improve weed control in sesame production, including the efficacy of a weed control program and its cost.Öğe Crop Protection Under Changing Climate(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Jabran, Khawar; Florentine, Singarayer; Chauhan, Bhagirath SinghThis book addresses the impact of important climatic changes on plant pests (including weeds, diseases and insect pests), and their interactions with crop plants. Anthropogenic activities have seriously impacted the global climate. As a result, carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature levels of the earth are on a continuous rise. The global temperature is expected to increase by a 3°C or more by the end of this century. The CO2 concentration was below 300 parts per million (ppm) before the start of the industrial era; however, recently it has exceeded 400 ppm. This is highest ever in human history. Other than global warming and elevated CO2 concentrations, anthropogenic activities have also disturbed the global water cycle, ultimately, impacting the quantity and distribution of rainfall. This has resulted in drought conditions in many parts of the world. Global warming, elevated CO2 concentration and drought are considered the most important recent climatic changes that are impacting global ecosystems and human societies. Among other impacts, the effects of climatic changes on pests, pest-crop interactions and pest control are important with relevance to global food security, and hence require immediate attention by plant scientists. This book discusses innovative and the most effective pest control methods under an environment of changing climate and elaborates on the impact of drought on plant pests and their control. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.Öğe Curricula Transformations and Alternative Pedagogical Approaches for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment(Friends Science Publishers, 2023) Rehman, Abdul; Jabran, Khawar; Farooq, MuhammadAlternative pedagogical approaches and curriculum transformations are crucial for promoting sustainable agriculture and environmental education. Conventional pedagogical approaches to teaching these subjects often rely on lecture-based methods and rote learning, which can limit students’ engagement and critical thinking skills. Alternative pedagogical approaches, such as transdisciplinary education, experiential learning, problem-based learning, project-based learning, and hybrid learning, offer opportunities for student-centered and hands-on learning experiences. These pedagogical methods allow students to utilize their knowledge and skills in addressing real-life problems and projects, resulting in increased involvement and a deeper level of learning, enhancing comprehension of sustainable agriculture and the environment. Additionally, curriculum transformations that integrate agriculture sustainability and environmental education across disciplines and provide interdisciplinary experiences can support a more holistic understanding of these complex and interrelated issues. The integration of innovative alternative pedagogical tools and curriculum changes within the realm of sustainable agriculture and environmental education is crucial in fostering the development of future researchers, farmers, and policymakers, who possess the necessary skills and knowledge to tackle the intricate challenges of promoting sustainability in agriculture and the environment. © 2023 Friends Science Publishers © 2023 Friends Science PublishersÖğe Düzce'de doğal olarak yayılış yapan Heracleum L. taksonları, habitatları ve bu habitatların floristik kompozisyonu(2020) Özkan, Neval Güneş; Yazlık, Ayşe; Jabran, KhawarDüzce ilinde doğal olarak yayılış yapan Heracleum L. taksonları, taksonların bulunduğu habitat tipleri ve bu habitatların floristik kompozisyonunun araştırıldığı bu çalışma 2018 yılında yürütülmüştür. Arazi çalışmaları sonucunda Heracleum platytaenium ve Heracleum sphondylium ssp. ternatum olmak üzere Düzce’de iki farklı Heracleum taksonunun; tarımsal, şehir, kıyı, orman, riparian ve yapay habitatlar olmak üzere altı farklı habitatta yayılış yaptığı belirlenmiştir. Habitatlardan alınan örnek alanlarda Heracleum spp. ile birlikte yayılış yapan 48 familya ve 112 cinse ait 150 takson belirlenmiştir. Araştırma alanında tespit edilen 121 taksona (%80,66) ait fitocoğrafik bölgeler belirlenmiştir. Buna göre; 8 takson Öksin kesime ait olmak üzere 36 takson (%24) Avrupa-Sibirya, 17 takson (%11,33) Akdeniz ve 1 takson (%0,66) İran-Turan kökenlidir. Ayrıca 67 takson (%44,66) geniş yayılışa sahipken 29 takson (%19,33) ise çok bölgelidir veya fitocoğrafik bölgesi bilinmemektedir. Raunkiaer’in yaşam biçimlerine göre taksonlar incelendiğinde; 73 takson (%48,67) Hemikriptofit iken bunu sırasıyla; Terofit (48 takson - %32), Fanerofit (14 - %9,33), Kriptofit (10 - %6,67) ve Kamefit (5 - %3,33) bitkiler takip etmiştir. Son olarak taksonların habitatlara göre hangi bitki taksonları ile bir arada yaşadıkları ayrıca sunulmuştur.Öğe Early detection, herbicide resistance screening, and integrated management of invasive plant species: a review(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2022) Tataridas, Alexandros; Jabran, Khawar; Kanatas, Panagiotis; Oliveira, Rui S.; Freitas, Helena; Travlos, IliasInvasive plant species (IPS) are often considered weeds that cause high yield losses in crops, negatively affect the environment, and disrupt certain ecosystem services. The negative impact of IPS on biodiversity is increasing and disturbing native vegetation. The management of plant invasions can be divided in two phases (before and after invasion). Prior to introduction it is crucial to develop the knowledge base (biology, ecology, distribution, impact, management) on IPS, prevention measures and risk assessment. After introduction if eradication fails, the monitoring and the integrated management of IPS are imperative to prevent the naturalization and further dispersal. This review uses two major invasive weed species (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. and Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) as case studies to propose a framework for early detection, rapid herbicide resistance screening, and integrated management. The holistic framework that is presented exploits recent: (i) novel detection tools, (ii) rapid tests and assays for herbicide resistance, and (iii) biology, ecology, distribution traits, and management tools for the IPS. Farmers, advisors, researchers, and policymakers need briefing on IPS growth dynamics, adaptability rates, and response to conventional and novel treatments to prevent new invasions, eradicate isolated stands, and mitigate the impact of invasive weed species in the long term. (c) 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.Öğe Editorial: Advanced application technology for plant protection: Sensing, modelling, spraying system and equipment(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Zhai, Changyuan; Qiu, Wei; Weckler, Paul; He, Xiongkui; Jabran, Khawar[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Effects of Elevated Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations on Aromatic Compounds of Stevia rebaudiana(Springer India, 2021) Tursun, Ayse Ozlem; Jabran, Khawar; Gurkan, Hacer; Telci, IsaA global rise in CO2 concentration and temperature levels can impact the living part of the earth including the plants. Stevia or candy leaf (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a medicinal aromatic plant that produces several useful chemical compounds. Studies were carried out in a fully automated greenhouse in order to determine the response of aromatic compounds of stevia leaves to different CO2 concentrations and temperature levels. This study had four treatments including (1) 26 +/- 1/16 +/- 1 degrees C day/night temperature plus 400 +/- 50 ppm CO2 concentration [control], (2) 29 +/- 1/19 +/- 1 degrees C day/night temperature plus 600 +/- 50 ppm CO2 concentration, (3) 32 +/- 1/22 +/- 1 degrees C day/night temperature plus 800 +/- 50 ppm CO2 concentration and (4) 35 +/- 1/25 +/- 1 degrees C day/night temperature plus 1000 +/- 50 ppm CO2 concentration. Results of the study showed that yield of total aromatic compounds ranged between 12.65 and 13.65 mu g/g for stevia . Generally, concentrations of the compounds such as ketones, aldehydes and alcohols were decreased with increase in concentration of CO2 and temperature. Terpenes were the compounds whose concentrations were increased with increase in concentration of CO2 and temperature. The climatic conditions did not cause a significant change in the aromatic compounds of stevia.
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