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Öğe A Differential Search Algorithm Application for Solving Harmonic Estimation Problems(IEEE, 2017) Kabalci, Yasin; Kockanat, Serdar; Kabalci, ErsanThis paper presents an optimization approach based differential search algorithm (DSA) for amplitude and phase estimation of time varying power signal in electrical power systems. Proposed method has been tested for two well-known literature problems that include fundamental, sub-and inter-harmonic estimation cases. The performance of the suggested DSA method has been compared with those of the Genetic Algorithm-Least Square (GA-LS), Particle swarm optimization with passive congregation least square (PSOPC-LS), Bacterial foraging optimization (BFO), Fuzzy bacterial foraging-least square (F-BFO-LS) and Bacterial foraging optimization-recursive least square (BFO-RLS). The results show that the proposed DSA method has an efficient, fast and accurate estimation behavior among previously reported ones in the case of time varying harmonic power signals. In addition, the estimated amplitude and phase values using DSA method can provide possibility to design suitable harmonic reducing filter for improving power quality.Öğe A Low Cost Smart Metering System Design for Smart Grid Applications(IEEE, 2016) Kabalci, Yasin; Kabalci, ErsanThe most important parts of the smart meters are the sensing devices that are utilized to measure for both current and voltage magnitudes of the systems. Therefore, several investigations have to be carried out to improve practical applications of the smart metering systems. This paper presents a novel sensing device design for AC measurement systems. The proposed sensing system is firstly designed by means of the computer simulation tools and then the printed circuit board of the designed metering system is implemented. Afterwards, the practical circuit is tested under different conditions. In addition, the proposed system is compared with the previously designed sensing circuit by authors in terms of cost, advantages and disadvantages. The obtained results emphasized that the proposed new sensing circuit is capable of very low cost and very high accuracy.Öğe A modelling case study of an island mode solar power plant(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2015) Kabalci, Ersan; Gorgun, Alper; Kabalci, Yasin; Gokkus, GokselThe solar panel model is designed according to equation of a solar cell, and all the required parameters such as open circuit voltage, short circuit current etc are considered in order to modify the output power regarding to a commercial photovoltaic (PV) panel. The dc-dc conversion is performed with a buck converter where the optimal duty cycle is dynamically updated by a proportional-integral (PI) controlled generator. The settling time and dc voltage ripples are minimized to increase the efficiency of the dc-dc converter. On the other hand, the single-phase inverter is constructed with an H-bridge that is the most basic multilevel topology known ever. The main intention during the inverter operation was decreasing the total harmonic distortion (THD) ratios as much as possible. Therefore, the modulation scheme is particularly applied to decrease THD by eliminating side band harmonics. The line voltage is properly fixed to 220V/50Hz that is common in northern and central Europe. The THD ratio of the line voltage is measured at 0.03%, while the THD of the current is 0.82%. The power factor of the entire system is measured as 0.99 considering the 8.1° phase displacement between current and voltage waveforms. The analysis results verify the efficiency of the proposed solar power plant and its components.; This paper deals with efficiency analysis of a solar power plant that is considered to be installed in island mode with 2 kWp rated power. The test bed designed in Simulink © 2015 IEEE.Öğe A Modelling Case Study of an Island Mode Solar Power Plant(IEEE, 2015) Kabalci, Ersan; Kabalci, Yasin; Gorgun, Alper; Gokkus, GokselThis paper deals with efficiency analysis of a solar power plant that is considered to be installed in island mode with 2 kWp rated power. The test bed designed in Simulink c consists of solar panel, buck converter, and H-bridge inverter models all based to analytical concepts. The solar panel model is designed according to equation of a solar cell, and all the required parameters such as open circuit voltage, short circuit current etc are considered in order to modify the output power regarding to a commercial photovoltaic (PV) panel. The dc-dc conversion is performed with a buck converter where the optimal duty cycle is dynamically updated by a proportional-integral (PI) controlled generator. The settling time and dc voltage ripples are minimized to increase the efficiency of the dc-dc converter. On the other hand, the single-phase inverter is constructed with an H-bridge that is the most basic multilevel topology known ever. The main intention during the inverter operation was decreasing the total harmonic distortion (THD) ratios as much as possible. Therefore, the modulation scheme is particularly applied to decrease THD by eliminating side band harmonics. The line voltage is properly fixed to 220V/50Hz that is common in northern and central Europe. The THD ratio of the line voltage is measured at 0.03%, while the THD of the current is 0.82%. The power factor of the entire system is measured as 0.99 considering the 8.1 phase displacement between current and voltage waveforms. The analysis results verify the efficiency of the proposed solar power plant and its components.Öğe A New Approach Based on Differential Evolution Algorithm for Harmonic Estimation Problems(IEEE, 2017) Kockanat, Serdar; Kabalci, Yasin; Kabalci, ErsanElectrical harmonic is an important issue affecting power quality of electrical systems. Estimation of power harmonics are essential to design filters to be utilized in electrical power systems for reducing harmonics and their effects on the electrical power systems. In this study, a harmonic estimator based on differential evolution algorithm is proposed for harmonic estimation problems shown in power systems. Analyses of designed estimator are performed for two different experiments. In addition, performances of proposed estimator are compared with available results of the literature. The achieved results of this study showed that the proposed harmonic estimator in this paper is superior among previously reported ones.Öğe A Single-Axis Solar Tracking System and Monitoring Software(IEEE, 2015) Kabalci, Ersan; Calpbinici, Ayberk; Kabalci, YasinIn this paper, the application of a portable solar tracking system is implemented to increase energy generation of the photovoltaic (PV) panels. While this portable system provides the monitoring of the maximum solar radiation values, the creation of more efficient solar tracking system is also another significant contribution. Thus, a system which continuously records and monitors the generated voltage, solar irradiation value and the panel position is proposed. The voltage, actual panel direction and irradiation data is continuously read by the improved control circuit and transmitted via Radio Frequency (RF) communication to the data collection card connected to the computer. The data received by the data acquisition cards is sent to the computer via Universal Serial Bus (USB) communication protocol. These data are monitored through the interface coded in computer and also recorded in the database. Thus, the retrospective irradiation and voltage information obtained by monitoring system performance can be monitored by the proposed system.Öğe A wireless metering and monitoring system for solar string inverters(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Kabalci, Ersan; Kabalci, YasinThe design and implementation studies of a real time monitoring and smart metering system are presented in this study. The proposed design is improved in terms of smart metering infrastructure based on current, voltage, and power measurements. The communication among the string inverter and host PC is performed by the designed ZigBee transceiver system. Sensing circuits are the most significant devices for measuring both current and voltage magnitudes of the systems. The measured data are processed by the microcontroller unit (MCU) and are modulated after signal processing operations for serial communication. Although the transceiver is configured to execute bi-directional communication, unidirectional data flow is performed where the smart metering system transmits data to monitoring substructure. The monitoring software is also implemented in the context of the presented study. The Visual Studio software development kit is used to design and to code the software by using C#. The performed experimental studies showed that the proposed real time monitoring and smart metering system could be exploited to monitor current, voltage and power magnitudes of the string inverters in an efficient way.Öğe An Overview of Big Data Concepts, Methods, and Analytics: Challenges, Issues, and Opportunities(IEEE, 2023) Mahmoudian, Mahshad; Zanjani, S. Mohammadali; Shahinzadeh, Hossein; Kabalci, Yasin; Kabalci, Ersan; Ebrahimi, FarshadIn recent years, data generation is increasing on a large scale and fast pace, and the development of Internet applications, mobile applications, and network-connected sensors has also increased widely. These applications and extensive internet connections continuously produce a large volume of data, with a wide diversity and different structures, which is called big data. At the same time, technologies related to big data are also developing. The rapid growth of cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) is accelerating the dramatic growth of data generation. Sensors around the world are collecting and transmitting data that will be stored and processed in the cloud, and the era of big data is coming. In this article, first, an overview of big data and the definitions of its features are explained, and then the applications of big data in different fields are examined and the challenges facing it are discussed. Finally, technologies related to big data in the field of big data analysis, data storage technologies, and visualization tools are proposed and cloud computing, IoT, and data center are examined as new technologies that are closely related to big data. The main goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of big data and examine and explain various aspects of its applications and implementation.Öğe Centralized power generation(Elsevier, 2020) Kabalci, Ersan; Boyar, Aydın; Kabalci, YasinThe power generation has been centralized for many years. The conventional power network comprises large hydropower plants (HPPs), thermoelectric power plants, and nuclear power plants. This chapter deals with the central generation and the most common power plants being used all over the world. It is aimed to provide further understanding of power generation and central generation plants in terms of their physical, mechanical, and electrical configurations. The HPPs have been represented according to architectural structures, hydraulic turbines, types of generators used for electromechanical conversion and power generation. Afterward, the thermoelectric plants have been discussed in terms of fuel types and operation principles that are the second major generation plants in many countries. The nuclear power plants that are being discussed and criticized for many years have also dealt in terms of their power generation structures and current situation in the world. The chapter is expected to provide a base before the representation of distributed generation and renewable energy sources in the following chapters. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Comparison of Model Predictive Torque Control Based NPC and ANPC Inverters for IM Drive(IEEE, 2023) Kabalci, Ersan; Kabalci, Yasin; Boyar, AydinAn induction motor (IM), which is one of the ac electric motors, is commonly preferred in industrial applications. The IM has a simple structure, low maintenance, and is inexpensive. Inverter topologies are widely used in IM drives. Studies on the IM drive with multilevel inverter topologies, which have benefits such as higher efficiency, lower harmonic ratio, and reduced filter size are increasing day by day compared to two-level inverter topologies. In this study, various analyzes of a neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter and an active neutral point clamped (ANPC) inverter topologies for model predictive torque control (MPTC) based IM drive have been carried out under the same conditions. Firstly, the proposed IM drives have been modeled with MATLAB/Simulink, and then, their implementations have been carried out. The modeling and implementation analyses validate the effectiveness of the proposed MPTC-based IM drives in terms of flux and torque responses, as well as speed control. They have been deeply analyzed under variable load and speed conditions, and compared in terms of efficiency and total harmonic distortion (THD).Öğe Design and Analysis of a Micro Inverter for PV Plants(IEEE, 2017) Kabalci, Ersan; Boyar, Aydin; Kabalci, YasinRenewable energy sources are obviously accepted as clean energy sources of future. The solar energy is the most popular among other renewable energy sources in all over the world. Many studies are performed on photovoltaics (PVs) and solar energy systems. Inverter is the most important power converter section of photovoltaic systems in terms of efficiency in changing weather conditions. This study presents the design and analysis of a micro inverter for PV systems. The proposed micro inverter is designed by using MATLAB Simulink software, and the control algorithms are implemented according to Incremental Conductance method. It consists of isolated boost converter with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and H-bridge inverter with PI controller. The reaction of system has been observed under changing irradiation conditions. The implemented micro inverter has compensated the irradiation changes at boost converter stage, and dc-ac conversion process is performed regarding to the designed PI controller. The dc bus voltage is increased to around 300V, and the HF transformer is used to increase inverter input voltage to 420V. The output of inverter is generated with the support of PI controller to track 220Vrms line voltage. The THD rates for both voltage and current are measured at 0.51% in FFT spectrum, and the overall power of the micro inverter is supplied around 315W.Öğe Design and analysis of a micro inverter for PV plants(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017) Kabalci, Ersan; Boyar, Aydin; Kabalci, YasinRenewable energy sources are obviously accepted as clean energy sources of future. The solar energy is the most popular among other renewable energy sources in all over the world. Many studies are performed on photovoltaics (PVs) and solar energy systems. Inverter is the most important power converter section of photovoltaic systems in terms of efficiency in changing weather conditions. This study presents the design and analysis of a micro inverter for PV systems. The proposed micro inverter is designed by using MATLAB Simulink software, and the control algorithms are implemented according to Incremental Conductance method. It consists of isolated boost converter with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and H-bridge inverter with PI controller. The reaction of system has been observed under changing irradiation conditions. The implemented micro inverter has compensated the irradiation changes at boost converter stage, and dcac conversion process is performed regarding to the designed PI controller. The dc bus voltage is increased to around 300V, and the HF transformer is used to increase inverter input voltage to 420V. The output of inverter is generated with the support of PI controller to track 220Vrms line voltage. The THD rates for both voltage and current are measured at 0.51% in FFT spectrum, and the overall power of the micro inverter is supplied around 315W. ©2017 IEEE.Öğe Design and Implementation of a Dual-Input Single-Output Photovoltaic Converter(Mdpi, 2020) Kabalci, Ersan; Kabalci, Yasin; Guerrero, Josep M.In many solar inverters, a dc/dc converter is mainly located between the solar arrays and the inverter. This study presents an enhanced maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for photovoltaic (PV) systems that drives solar array voltages to track a reference value and decreases fluctuations and oscillations in PV voltage. Different from the previously presented methods, a novel MPPT method is proposed that ensures tracking accuracy by considering output voltage in addition to input voltage and currents. The proposed method detectsdI/dVvariations, compares the output voltage with the desired reference to shift operation mode and refreshes step size. The digital filtering, enhanced PI, and perturb-and-observe (P&O) tracking features of the proposed MPPT method make it robust to mitigate source fluctuations and sensitivity to partial shading based oscillations. In order to validate the success of the proposed method, a test rig has been installed with dual boost converters. The performance improvements have been verified by both simulation and experimental results that are compared to InCon and P&O MPPT methods. It is also confirmed by experimental results that the proposed MPPT method provides robust control capability in terms of tracking the reference voltage and rejecting the effects of various shading situations on solar arrays.Öğe Design and implementation of a renewable energy monitoring system(2013) Kabalci, Ersan; Gorgun, Alper; Kabalci, YasinThis paper introduces an instant monitoring infrastructure of a renewable energy generation system that is constituted with a wind turbine and solar panel arrays. There an uncontrolled six-pulse rectifier converts ac output voltages of wind turbine to dc. The hybrid system of renewable energy sources (RES) couples generated voltages of wind turbine and solar panels on a dc-bus and supplies charge voltage to the battery bank. The monitoring platform is based on current and voltage measurements of each renewable source. The related values are measured with the developed sensing circuits and are processed by an 18F4450 microcontroller of Microchip. The processed parameters are then transmitted to a personal computer (PC) over universal serial bus (USB) to be saved in a database and to observe the system instantly. The observing software that is coded with Microsoft Visual Studio. Net platform allows system administrator to monitor generated energy and actual status of each renewable energy source at a glance. The coded visual interface of monitoring software can manage the saved data to analyze daily, weekly and monthly values of each measurement separately. © 2013 IEEE.Öğe Design and implementation of a smart metering infrastructure for low voltage microgrids(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Kabalci, Ersan; Kabalci, Yasin; Siano, PierluigiThe distributed generation (DG) and the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) have leveraged the improvement of the smart grid for a few decades. The smart home energy management systems (HEMSs) have also attracted attention in increasing the use of information and communication technologies in the context of smart grid applications. This paper proposes a smart metering infrastructure with DC and AC analog front ends (AFEs), wired and wireless communication interfaces, and remote monitoring software coded in Visual C#. The implemented metering device has been comprised of isolated measurement transducers for detecting the current and voltage rates of sources and various types of loads either in a microgrid or smart home application. The signal conditioning tier has been comprised of highly accurate and sensitive operational amplifiers, and signal processing has been accomplished by a PIC microcontroller which is capable to interface USB and ZigBee based wireless communication protocols. The processed measurement data have been transmitted with wireless communication, and a graphical user interface (GUI) software has been coded at the receiving end host computer. The measurement case studies have been experimentally performed in microgrid and HEMS infrastructures to validate the accuracy of the proposed smart metering device and software operated at the host computer.Öğe Design and implementation of a solar plant and irrigation system with remote monitoring and remote control infrastructures(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2016) Kabalci, Yasin; Kabalci, Ersan; Canbaz, Ridvan; Calpbinici, AyberkOne of the most prominent applications of solar plants is the solar pumping systems that are required in rural areas while it is almost impossible to connect to the utility grid. A solar plant and irrigation system with several control features are designed and implemented in this study. The technical aspects of the study include sizing of a solar plant, feasibility analyses, system planning and implementation, remote monitoring, and remote control issues. The sizing and feasibility analyses are performed by using highly reliable software. The remote monitoring system is implemented with several sensing and communication boards designed by authors, and server-client software. The remote control operation is performed owing to implemented 8-channel relaying device that is reached over GSM networks. Each part of the entire system is implemented and is optimized to provide an observable and controllable solar irrigation system in a county yard. The presented study is aimed to express the potential capabilities of a solar plant in irrigation, and integration capabilities to numerous communication systems such as 3G, GSM, and Wi-Fi to implement remote monitoring and remote control infrastructures. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Digital Transformation of Microgrids: A Review of Design, Operation, Optimization, and Cybersecurity(Mdpi, 2023) Irmak, Erdal; Kabalci, Ersan; Kabalci, YasinThis paper provides a comprehensive review of the future digitalization of microgrids to meet the increasing energy demand. It begins with an overview of the background of microgrids, including their components and configurations, control and management strategies, and optimization techniques. It then discusses the key digital technologies that can be used to improve the performance of microgrids, including distributed energy resources management systems, the Internet of Things, big data analytics, blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, digital twin technology, cloud computing, and augmented reality. The paper also highlights the importance of cybersecurity in microgrids, identifying the potential security vulnerabilities and threats to microgrid cybersecurity, as well as strategies for addressing these challenges. Finally, the paper discusses the barriers and challenges regarding the digitalization of microgrids, including technical complexity, high implementation costs, regulatory barriers, data privacy and security concerns, lack of standardization, interoperability issues, limited technical expertise, and integration with the main grid. Overall, this paper demonstrates the significant potential for digital technologies to transform the future of microgrids. By leveraging advanced technologies and implementing effective cybersecurity measures, microgrids can become more efficient, reliable, and resilient, enabling them to meet the growing demand for energy and contribute to a sustainable energy future.Öğe Dual DC-DC converter and monitoring interface for asymmetrical string inverters(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2015) Kabalci, Ersan; Bayindir, Ramazan; Gokkus, Goksel; Kabalci, YasinThis paper proposes monitoring of the dual DC-DC converters that independently operate of each other in the same topology (Buck-Boost). The dual converter structure is proposed to implement asymmetrical string inverter that is intended to be used variously arranged PV strings. The converters are operated by independently running MPPT algorithms. The converters are supplied by programmed dc sources emulating freely arranged solar arrays, and different loads are connected to each converter output. The converters allow using independent power sources like hybrid power techniques owing to these features. Current and voltage sensors measure the output powers of each converter, where the obtained values are evaluated by P&O algorithm on MCU and the PWM signals are generated. At the same time, obtained values are transmitted to computer by a microcontroller on optically isolated UART to USB unit. The received values are saved in a database to enable historical and instant analyse capability of the converters. © 2015 IEEE.Öğe Dual DC-DC Converter and Monitoring Interface for Asymmetrical String Inverters(IEEE, 2015) Kabalci, Ersan; Bayindir, Ramazan; Gokkus, Goksel; Kabalci, YasinThis paper proposes monitoring of the dual dc-dc converters that independently operate of each other in the same topology (Buck-Boost). The dual converter structure is proposed to implement asymmetrical string inverter that is intended to be used variously arranged PV strings. The converters are operated by independently running MPPT algorithms. The converters are supplied by programmed dc sources emulating freely arranged solar arrays, and different loads are connected to each converter output. The converters allow using independent power sources like hybrid power techniques owing to these features. Current and voltage sensors measure the output powers of each converter, where the obtained values are evaluated by P&O algorithm on MCU and the PWM signals are generated. At the same time, obtained values are transmitted to computer by a microcontroller on optically isolated UART to USB unit. The received values are saved in a database to enable historical and instant analyse capability of the converters.Öğe Dual DC-DC converter design for string inverters used in solar plants(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2015) Kabalci, Ersan; Kabalci, Yasin; Gokkus, GokselThis study deals with the design of a dual buck converter where both of them are simultaneously operated to regulate photovoltaic (PV) string inputs. The proposed control and converter structure is intended to improve the dc-bus interface for solar arrays and to control the dc bus voltage of a commercial grid-tie inverter that is generated by four PV arrays. The control algorithm is improved by including PI control to the regular perturb-and-observe algorithm. Regarding to the international standards on single-phase commercial string inverters such as AS4777-2013, IEC62109, and IEC61727, the maximum power of each solar array is allowed to be 1.2 kWp while the maximum total input power is limited to 4.8 kWp. Individual MPPT controllers that are improved in this study control each one of the dc converters handling dual solar arrays at the input connection. The dc interface voltages regulated by converters are coupled on a unique dc bus to generate the supply voltage of inverter section. The controllers perform a robust operation against the freely fluctuating irradiation values of each solar arrays. © 2015 IEEE.
