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Öğe A Survey of Violence Against Staff Working in the Emergency Department in Ankara, Turkey(ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2011) Talas, Melek Serpil; Kocaoz, Semra; Akguc, SelmaPurpose: Workplace violence in the emergency department is a significant problem world wide. The aims of this study were to identify the proportion of staff subjected to the types of violence, its sources, factors affecting violence experiences, reporting the incidence and the emotions of the victims after violence. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted between March and August 2009 in the the emergency department of six hospitals in Ankara, Turkey. Data were collected from 270 staff working in various emergency settings. The instrument was a 36-item questionnaire on types of violence, its sources, feelings, and ways to cope with violent behaviors. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed 85.2% of participants had been subjected to at least one kind of violence: 41.1% to physical assault, 79.6% to verbal abuse, 55.5% to verbal threats and 15.9% to sexual harassment. Patients' companions (90.9%) were identified as the primary perpetrators of violence. The rates of violence types were highest towards security officers and housekeepers. The most common reactions to violence were sadness and anger. "Did nothing and keeping silent" was the coping method used most commonly by the staff. Participants exposed to physical assaults and verbal threat did not report the incidence of violence to managers were at 43.3% and 65.3% respectively. Conclusion: Based on results of the study, it is suggested that every hospital institute reliable reporting procedures that staff members feel comfortable using, and also provide a comprehensive program of support services for staff that has been assaulted. Copyright (C) 2011, Korean Society of Nursing Science. Published by Elsevier. All rights reserved.Öğe Adherence to diet and fluid restriction of individuals on hemodialysis treatment and affecting factors in Turkey(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2015) Efe, Dilek; Kocaoz, SemraAimThis study was conducted to determine adherence to diet and fluid restriction in hemodialysis-treated individuals and the affecting factors in Turkey. MethodsThis descriptive study was conducted between 15 October 2010 and 15 January 2011 in subjects who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study from three dialysis centers in a city located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. One hundred and twenty-one individuals treated with hemodialysis made up the study sample. The data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 41 questions and the Dialysis Diet and Fluid Non-adherence Questionnaire. The data were evaluated with percentage, median, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Student's t-test in independent samples and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. ResultsThe authors found that 98.3% of the individuals experienced non-adherence to diet and 95.0% with fluid restriction. The authors found a weak and negative relationship between calcium levels and non-adherence to fluid restriction, a weak relationship between phosphorus levels and diet non-adherence frequency and degree and the fluid non-adherence frequency scores, and a moderate positive relationship between phosphorus levels and fluid restriction non-adherence degree scores (P<0.05). ConclusionBased on these results, regular training and information regarding diet and fluid restriction must be provided to individuals aged 21-35years with no one in the family to help with their care, those who consumed salted food, or had interdialytic weight gain of 4.5kg or more.Öğe Effect of the metabolic syndrome on the quality of life and sleep in women(Cukurova Univ, Fac Medicine, 2021) Cirpan, Rabiye; Degirmencioglu, Arife Zuhal; Kocaoz, SemraPurpose: This study was conducted to determine the metabolic syndrome prevalence in women and evaluate its effect on the quality of life and sleep. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was completed with 372 women. Data were collected using a descriptive questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the SF 36 Quality of Life Scale.. Results: The metabolic syndrome prevalence in women was 41.9%, according to the International Diabetes Federation diagnostic criteria. The mean scores obtained from the sleep quality index by those with metabolic syndrome were significantly higher than those without metabolic syndrome. The median scores obtained from the physical function and role difficulty, pain, general health perception, and mental summary sub-dimensions of the SF-36 quality of life scale by the women who were found to have metabolic syndrome were lower than those without metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome was found to be common in women and to affect the quality of life and sleep negatively in women in this study. We, therefore, recommend women to be evaluated in terms of metabolic syndrome at regular intervals and healthcare professionals to provide training and consultancy services to promote healthy living behaviors that could improve their quality of life and sleep.Öğe Exposure of Pregnant Women to Intimate Partner Violence during the Pandemic in Turkey and Influencing Factors(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Atilla, Rabia; Yavuz, Adem; Kocaoz, SemraPurpose: This research was conducted to determine the exposure of pregnant women to intimate partner violence (IPV) during the Covid-19 pandemic and its influencing factors. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: This study included 456 pregnant women. The Pregnant Information Form and Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy Questionnaire were used to collect data. Findings: Exposure frequency to IPV during the pandemic and curfews were 44.1% and 43.9%, respectively. A significant relationship was found between exposure to IPV and the partner having wage-earning employment, marital relationship during Covid-19, the effect of the pandemic on spousal relationships, and gravida. Conclusions: The prevalence of IPV in pregnant women during and after the pandemic did not change significantly from IPV in pregnant women before the pandemic. Clinical Evidence: To prevent and reduce partner violence during pregnancy, there is a need to evaluate IPV among women who apply for routine pregnancy examinations.Öğe Falls during Pregnancy in Turkish Women: Prevalence, Affecting Factors and Treatment-Seeking Behaviors(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 2021) Asci, Ozlem; Kocaoz, Semra; Kara, Pinar; Tas, FerdaneBackground & aim: Physiological, anatomical and hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy could increase pregnant women's risk of falling, which could lead to negative outcomes for both women and fetuses. This study aims was to identify the prevalence and influencing factors of falls in Turkish women during pregnancy as well as these women's treatment-seeking behavior. Methods: This retrospective and descriptive study was conducted with 622 pregnant women who presented for prenatal follow-up at Nigde Training and Research Hospital in Turkey using the convenience sampling method. The data were collected with the "Structured Questionnaire Form" and "Trait Anxiety Inventory", and analyzed using SPSS 24.0 software using descriptive statistics, Chi-squared and Student's t-tests and logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of falls in pregnant women at term was found as 17.7%. The falls most commonly occurred at home (62.3%), on stairs (16.8%), and on wet (16.8%) or uneven ground (13.9%). The rates of injury and going to a hospital after such a fall were 63.6% and 14.2%, respectively. Trait anxiety mean scores did not show a significant difference in terms of pregnancy fall history (p>0.05). Regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between a fall history during pregnancy and medication use (OR=1.680; p=0.025) and clothing style (OR=1.836; p=0.025). Conclusion: Approximately two out of ten pregnant women have a history of falling, with the falls usually being associated with preventable causes. It is recommended that pregnant women be informed by midwives and other healthcare professionals about falls, avoiding risk factors and seeking medical treatment. © 2021 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All right reserved.Öğe Noncyclical and cyclical mastalgia in turkish women: Prevalans, risk factors, health-care seeking and quality of life(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2022) Bolat, Haci; Asci, Ozlem; Kocaoz, Servet; Kocaoz, SemraOur aim in this study was to determine the prevalence of cyclical and noncyclical mastalgia, its underlying risk factors, and to examine its effect on women's quality of life. This study was conducted on 415 women, among whom the prevalence of mastalgia was found as 20.7%. It was found that experiencing intense stress, daily coffee and chocolate consumption, breast surgery history and the menstruation pattern were risk factors associated with mastalgia. Some domains of quality of life were found to be negatively affected in women who had mastalgia. Awareness among women about the risk factors of mastodynia and lifestyle changes is needed to improve mastalgia management.Öğe Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms and influencing factors in women(Cukurova Univ, Fac Medicine, 2021) Degirmencioglu, Arife Zuhal; Kocaoz, Semra; Cirpan, RabiyePurpose: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of LUTS in women and the influencing risk factors. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 377 women who presented to the internal medicine outpatient departments of a training and research hospital for examination. The data were collected with a questionnaire form and the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms-Short Form (BFLUTS-SF). Results: The prevalence of at least one LUTS in women was 92.3%. A statistically significant relationship was found between the menopausal status, chronic cough, stress urinary incontinence (SUI) presence in the mother or sister, the presence of a large baby and SUI in a previous pregnancy, and the BFLUTS-SF total scores. Conclusion: We found that storage-related symptoms were most common in these women, and LUTS affected the sexual life and quality of life negatively. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the sensitivity of health professionals to this issue, and to raise the awareness of women about the risk factors, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of LUTS with future training.Öğe Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in nurses and civil servants working at a hospital: a cross-sectional study(Makerere Univ, Fac Med, 2021) Kok, Gulsah; Kocaoz, Semra; Guvenc, Gulten; Akyuz, AygulBackground: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in women and can interrupt daily living activities of the individuals. The study aimed at determining the LUTS prevalence and the influencing factors in nurses and civil servants working at a hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted with 158 female nurses and 105 female civil servants. The data were obtained with a data collection form and the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms-Short Form. Results: This paper exposes that the prevalence of at least one LUTS was 94.2% in nurses and 97.1% in civil servants. The most common LUTS symptoms of nurses and civil servants were urgency (60.1%nurses, 81.9%civil servants) and urge incontinence (59.5%nurses, 81.9%civil servants). Nurses (60.8%) expressed significantly higher rates of having inadequate time going to the toilet due to their work conditions compared to the civil servants (41.9%) (p<0.05). BFLUTS-SF scores in terms of age, BMI, parity, having cesarean and vaginal delivery and urinary incontinence in their previous pregnancies were compared between two groups, statistically significant differences were found (p<0.05). Conclusion: Workplace conditions of the health workers should be reorganizing to have healthy urinary habits for preventing them from the development of LUTS.Öğe Prevalence of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Pregnant Adolescents and the Influencing Factors(Elsevier Science Inc, 2020) Aydin, Arzu; Kocaoz, Semra; Kara, PinarStudy Objective: To determine the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and associated risk factors in pregnant adolescents. Design: Descriptive study. Setting: The obstetrics and gynecology outpatient departments of a training and research hospital in Turkey. Participants: Two hundred six pregnant adolescents younger than the age of 19 years. Interventions: None. Questionnaire-based data and the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms-Short Form (BFLUTS-SF) were collected from pregnant adolescents. Main Outcome Measures: Comparisons were made with independent samples t test, one-way analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and linear regression for the analysis of the potential risk factors. Results: The prevalence of at least 1 of the LUTS in pregnant adolescents was 78.6% (162/206). The prevalence of storage symptoms was more than those of urinary incontinence and voiding symptoms. Among LUTS, the prevalence of nocturia, urgency, frequency, bladder pain, and urinary incontinence was 59.3% (122/206), 54.4% (112/206), 39.3% (81/206), 37.4% (77/206), and 27.2% (56/206), respectively. Of pregnant adolescents with LUTS, 30.2% (49/162) of pregnant adolescents with LUTS reported seeking treatment for LUTS in this study. The total median scores from the BFLUTS-SF increased with gestational week, but no statistical significant difference was identified (P > .05). According to the results of the linear regression analysis, daily coffee consumption, smoking, chronic coughing, constipation, and urinary tract infection history were found to be associated with the total mean score on the BFLUTS-SF in pregnant adolescents. Conclusion: LUTS were found to be common among pregnant adolescents, with storage symptoms being the most frequently reported. Prenatal education could increase the number of adolescents who seek treatment, thereby improving the clinical course of LUTS.Öğe Relationship between menopausal symptoms and sleep quality in women during the climacteric period: a cross-sectional study(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2022) Kocoglu, Ferdane; Kocaoz, Semra; Kara, Pinar; Asci, OzlemThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the menopausal symptoms and sleep quality in women in the climacteric period. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 383 women aged 40-64 years at the Cancer Early Diagnosis Screening and Training Centre. The data were collected with the questionnaire form, Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The sleep quality was poor in 77.8% of the women in the study. A significant relationship was found between PSQI scores and the somatic and psychological subscale scores of the MRS in the presence of other variables that could affect sleep according to multiple linear regression analysis (p < .05). We recommend training and consulting services provided by health care professionals and further experimental studies on the subject to decrease the negative effects of the somatic and psychological symptoms found to worsen sleep quality in women in the climacteric period.IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject? Sleep problems are a common health problem in women in the climacteric period. What do the results of this study add? The most common menopausal symptoms were joint and muscle problems, physical and emotional fatigue, nervousness, hot flushes, unhappiness, anxiety, and sleep problems in order of frequency. There was a weak positive significant relationship between the total PSQI score and the psychological and urogenital subscale scores of the MRS, in addition to a moderate positive significant relationship between the total PSQI scores and the total and somatic subscale scores of the MRS. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? We believe effective management of the somatic and psychological symptoms during the climacteric period with health care staff providing training and consultancy services to the women aimed at decreasing the symptoms according to evidence-based procedures could help improve the sleep quality. Conducting multicenter studies with a larger subject group where the effect of menopausal symptoms on sleep quality in addition to that of multifactorial causes are evaluated in depth is recommended.Öğe Role of Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises in the Prevention of Stress Urinary Incontinence during Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period(KARGER, 2013) Kocaoz, Semra; Eroglu, Kafiye; Sivaslioglu, Ahmet AkinObjective: The aim of this study was to determine the role of pelvic floor muscle exercises (PFME) in the prevention of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Methods: A total of 102 women was included in the study. Data, collected through forms, included characteristics of the women, follow-up data during the pregnancy and postpartum period and a three-day urinary diary. Both groups were evaluated in terms of SUI at the 14th-20th, 28th and 32nd weeks of gestation and at 12 weeks postpartum. Results: As shown by the pad test, SUI developed in 5.8, 17.3 and 1.9% of the subjects in the intervention group at the 28th and 32nd gestational week and the 12th postpartum week, respectively. The relevant ratios in the control group were 30,48 and 18%, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found between the intervention and control groups in terms of SUI development at the 28th and 32nd weeks of gestation and the 12th postpartum week (p < 0.05). Conclusion: PFME are effective for prevention of SUI development during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Health care providers are therefore recommended to provide education and counseling to pregnant women about SUI prevention. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, BaselÖğe The effect of genital hygiene behaviors and vaginal douching of pregnant women on preterm labor(Wiley, 2024) Arikan, Melisa; Kocaoz, Semra; Kizilirmak, AynurObjectiveTo determine the effect of genital hygiene behavior (GHB) and vaginal douching (VD) of pregnant women on preterm labor (PTL).MethodsThis study, which was conducted with 365 pregnant women, is a cross-sectional study. Data were collected using a questionnaire and the Genital Hygiene Behavior Inventory (GHBI) was applied.ResultsThe ratios of PTL diagnosis and VD practice, and mean GHBI scores of the pregnant women were 35.1%, 9.6%, and 64.42 +/- 10.44, respectively. The prevalence of receiving a diagnosis of PTL was significantly higher in those who changed their underwear two to three times a week, took baths while sitting, cleansed their perineum with water using their hands, removed pubic hair at intervals of 2 months or longer, and performed VD. It was found that poor GHB and VD practices increased the rate of PTL and, in particular, VD was found to increase the risk of PTL around eight-fold.ConclusionThese results can help pregnant women to understand the relationship between genital hygiene and PTL and show the importance of being educated by health professionals about this issue. It was found that poor genital hygiene and vaginal douching (VD) practices increased the rate of preterm labor (PTL) and, in particular, VD was found to increase the risk of PTL around eight-fold.Öğe The effect of knowledge and health beliefs about colorectal cancer on screening behaviour(Wiley, 2019) Tas, Ferdane; Kocaoz, Semra; Cirpan, RabiyeAims and objectives To determine the effect of the knowledge and health beliefs of individuals about colorectal cancer on their screening behaviour. Background Colorectal cancer ranks third among the most common cancers both worldwide and in Turkey. Colorectal cancer plays an important role in cancer mortality but can be prevented by promoting healthy behaviour and participation in early screening programmes. Design This descriptive study was completed with 114 women and 121 men. Methods The study data were collected using the 'Data collection form' and 'Health Belief Model Scale for Protection from Colorectal Cancer'. Potential risk factors were investigated using logistic regression analyses. The AGREE checklist was completed. Results The colorectal cancer screening tests were known by 23.0% of the subjects and 17% had undergone one of these tests. The score medians obtained from the confidence-benefit subscale of Health Belief Model Scale for Protection from Colorectal Cancer were found to be significantly higher in those who had undergone colorectal cancer screening. Logistic regression analysis revealed that having knowledge of the relevant tests was associated with undergoing colorectal cancer screening. Conclusions Having knowledge on colorectal cancer screening tests increases the relevant confidence-benefit perception regarding the tests and the behaviour of participating in screening programmes. Regular training on colorectal cancer and early diagnosis should therefore be provided by healthcare professionals to both women and men aged 50-70 years to increase the rate of undergoing early screening tests. Relevance to clinical practice Increasing the rate of early screening is among the responsibilities of health workers working in primary health centres. Therefore, problems that prevent individuals from participating in these programmes need to be identified. In this way, health workers will develop suggestions and initiatives that change the individual's health beliefs and increase motivation.Öğe The effects of gestational diabetes on lower urinary tract symptoms of pregnant women: a case-control study(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2022) Yavuz, Adem; Kocaoz, Semra; Kara, Pinar; Destegul, EmreGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common health problems in pregnant women. The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the effects of GDM on LUTS in pregnant women. This study was conducted with 44 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM and 44 pregnant without GDM. Patients with GDM had significantly lower likelihood of experiencing urgency (7.069-fold lower likelihood); whereas they had significantly greater likelihoods for urinary incontinence (UI) during sexual intercourse (OR: 0.185; 5.4-fold higher), need for clothing change due to UI (OR: 0.268; 3.7-fold higher), and adverse effects on daily life due to UI (OR: 0.338; 2.9-fold higher) compared to women without GDM (p < .05 for all). Although pregnant women with GDM appear to have a lower likelihood of urgency, this may be associated with the adverse effects of GDM since the likelihoods for UI-related outcomes were increased and quality of life was reduced among pregnant women with GDM compared to those without GDM.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are very common among pregnant women, and negatively affect social, sexual and working life. There are many risk factors that affect the development of LUTS in pregnant women. It is stated that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may be a predisposing factor in the development of LUTS in women.What do the results of this study add? Women with GDM experienced storage symptoms at a lower frequency (especially urgency) compared to the control group. In addition, we determined worse quality of life among women with GDM who experienced a greater frequency of urinary incontinence.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? It may be beneficial to provide training on the prevention and management of LUTS to all pregnant women, especially women with GDM, and to increase the sensitivity of health professionals on the subject.Öğe The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the contraceptive use and fertility preferences and behaviors of married women in Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Kocoglu, Ferdane; Asci, Ozlem; Kocaoz, SemraPurposeThe aim of this study is to examine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the contraceptive use and fertility preferences and behaviors of married women living in Turkey.DesignThis study used a cross-sectional design.MethodsThis web-based study was conducted with the participation of 327 women. Data were collected using a questionnaire that consists of 52 questions about the participants' socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics, contraceptive use, and fertility preferences, as well as the effects of COVID-19 on them. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, McNemar, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to assess the data.FindingsApproximately one in every five women stated that health services related to contraceptives were interrupted due to the pandemic. Except for the use of traditional methods before and during the pandemic, no significant difference was found between the participants' use of modern contraceptives. Compared to the pre-pandemic period, the participants' desire to have children decreased significantly in the post-pandemic period.ConclusionsCompared to the pre-pandemic period, there was a decrease in the rate of unintended pregnancy and elective abortion in women. There was no significant change in the rates of using modern contraceptives during the pandemic. During the pandemic, the use of coitus interruptus, one of the traditional methods, increased significantly, while the rate of having children decreased.Clinical evidenceFamily health centers should evaluate what women of reproductive age need and plan strategic interventions to meet their unmet needs so that they can easily access family planning services during circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic.Öğe Urinary Incontinence Among Turkish Women An Outpatient Study of Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Quality of Life(LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, 2012) Kocaoz, Semra; Talas, Melek Serpil; Atabekoglu, Cem SomerPURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with urinary incontinence (UI) in women and to assess its impact on quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: We undertook a cross-sectional study based on interviews, using a structured questionnaire. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Two hundred eighty-eight women, aged 19 years and older, from gynecology outpatient clinics attached to a university hospital in Ankara, Turkey, were interviewed. INSTRUMENTS: Data were collected via a Turkish version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and the Wagner's Quality of Life scale. METHODS: Data were collected by face-to-face interviews with subjects and took approximately 30 minutes to complete. Potential risk factors were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of UI was 31.9%. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the number of pregnancies (odds ratio [OR] = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.28-0.99), UI in mother (OR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.35-4.50) and sister (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.16-0.77), previous UI during pregnancy (OR = 12.22, 95% CI: 4.11-36.36) and postpartum period (OR = 11.28, 95% CI: 3.66-34.76), and body mass index (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.29-0.85) were associated with a higher likelihood of incontinence (P < .05). Ninety-two of 288 women (31.9%) stated that UI has a negative impact on their QOL and only 40 of 92 (43.5%) had asked for medical help. Impairment of QOL was related with the type of UI, frequency of UI episode, and amount of leakage. CONCLUSION: Our study results determined that UI is common in Turkish women. The QOL of women was mostly mildly or moderately affected by UI.Öğe Urinary incontinence in pregnant women and their quality of life(WILEY, 2010) Kocaoz, Semra; Talas, Melek S.; Atabekoglu, Cem S.Aims and objectives. The aim was to investigate the prevalence of urinary incontinence during pregnancy and the related risk factors as well as to assess its influence on the quality of life. Background. Although urinary incontinence is common during pregnancy and can have a substantial impact on quality of life, women rarely seek help for this symptom. Design. This study was designed as a cross-sectional and descriptive survey. Methods. A total of 393 pregnant women participated in the study between March and June 2007. The data was collected using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form and Wagner's quality of life scale. Potential risk factors were investigated through logistic regression analysis. Results. The prevalence of urinary incontinence was 27% (106/393). Factors significantly associated with urinary incontinence included age group, parity, previous urinary incontinence, constipation, urinary incontinence in mother and sister, previous urinary incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum. Conclusion. According to the results of our study, urinary incontinence is common in women during pregnancy. The quality of life of pregnant women was found to be either unaffected or affected very little by urinary incontinence. Relevance to clinical practice. This study reveals that the prevalence of urinary incontinence during pregnancy is very high. The findings will help increase the awareness of health care workers involved in the care of pregnant women about urinary incontinence and aid the design of more intensive education programmes directed towards the prevention of urinary incontinence during pregnancy.
