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Öğe Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Plastics(wiley, 2022) Wasewar, Kailas L.; Kumar, Sushil; Pal, Dharm; Uslu, HasanPlastic is one of the most essential parts of dayâ€toâ€day life and has been used everywhere for many the applications. Plastics are a type of synthetic polymers mostly comprised of various elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and chloride. Plastics are mainly manufactred from fossil sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Various popular and widely used plastics are polyethylene (PE), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), nylons, polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), and polyvinylchloride (PVC). Plastics are mostly considered as a pollutant to the environment because of inefficient and nonâ€sustainable methods for disposal of them. Plastic wastes are responsible for increasing the ecological threat to all inhabitants of our planet. In 2015, almost 381 million tons of plastic was produced and it was cumulative as 7.81 billion tons by 2015. The used plastics are mainly discarded, incinerated, and recycled as methods of disposal. In view of the new circular economy and sustainable development context, the environmental performance of various services and products is a very important aspect, which has been gaining importance over the last few years. Environmental impacts during the lifecycle of products and services may be quantified with the help of various methods, such as strategic environmental assessment (SEA), environmental risk assessment (ERA), material flow analysis (MFA), life cycle assessment (LCA), environmental impact assessment (EIA), costâ€benefit analysis (CBA), and the ecological footprint (EF) method. Life cycle assessment is the most promising and popular method for assessing the environmental impact, and this methodology may be easily applied to every product and system to explain the type and the disparity among various results. This chapter focuses on life cycle assessment of plastics for the issues of sustainability. In view of this, various basic consideration of life cycle assessment such as basic approach, definitions, tools, frameworks, methodologies, ways, and classifications have been presented, and its application for plastic and plastic industries have been discussed. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Reactive Extraction as an Intensifying Approach for the Recovery of Organic Acids from Aqueous Solution: A Comprehensive Review on Experimental and Theoretical Studies(Amer Chemical Soc, 2021) Kumar, Sushil; Pandey, Shitanshu; Wasewar, Kailas L.; Ak, Namik; Uslu, HasanOrganic acids are important targeted chemicals worldwide due to their variety of functionalities in various fields. Organic acids can be produced through chemical processes of fossil raw materials as well as by the microbial fermentation of natural occurring biomass. Because of growing environmental concern, the production pathways are shifting toward biobased green technologies. The primary challenge in the biological synthesis of organic acids is the downstream recovery of the main products from the fermentation broth/aqueous stream. Among the various techniques for the downstream processing, reactive (liquid) extraction is deemed as a great opportunity for this purpose. It is an energy-saving process with flexibility in production scale and a high degree of separation and selectivity. In this review, starting with highlighting the bioproduction and various alternatives available for the recovery of organic acids from aqueous solution, the reactive extraction, an intensified approach is described in detail. The influence of reactive extraction parameters, insights of equilibrium and kinetic mechanisms, and thermodynamic aspects are discussed and analyzed. Different theoretical models for process optimization, determination of equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters, and quantification of solvents' effect are also explained in detail. This paper also highlights recent experimental and theoretical studies for the recovery of different organic acids using amine, phosphorus, and ionic liquid based extractants from fermentation broth/industrial waste streams. In addition, industrial development on the recovery of organic acids using the reactive extraction approach is also described.Öğe Statistical modeling and optimization of itaconic acid reactive extraction using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN)(Elsevier, 2022) Chellapan, Suchith; Datta, Dipaloy; Kumar, Sushil; Uslu, HasanIn this paper, regression models were proposed to predict the degrees of extraction (%Y) for the reactive extraction of itaconic acid using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The prominent design parameters like itaconic acid concentration, extractant (tri-n-octylamine), and modifier (dichloromethane, an active diluent) composition were considered, and their impact on the extraction efficiency was determined. RSM and ANN fitted the experimental data with a correlation coefficient of 0.970 and 0.993, respectively. The statistical significance of the models (RSM and ANN) was ascertained by ANOVA analysis. The optimal design factors were determined to be 0.072 mol center dot L-1 acid concentration, 16.075 %v/v extractant composition, and 62.15 %v/v modifier composition at which the values of experimental and predicted %Y of 98.86% and 100.69%, respectively, were obtained by RSM model.Öğe Study on the Biocompatible Solvent Systems for the Reactive Extraction of Itaconic Acid(Amer Chemical Soc, 2019) Datta, Dipaloy; Chomal, Neha; Uslu, Hasan; Kumar, SushilThe separation of itaconic acid (0.2 mmol-kg(-1)) from its aqueous solution is performed by dissolving tri-n-octylamine (TOA) in the biocompatible mixtures of 1-decanol + n-dodecane, dodecanol + n-dodecane, and oleyl alcohol + n-dodecane at different compositions. Also, the physical extraction data are presented with dodecane, oleyl alcohol, dodecanol, and 1-decanol. Here, fixing the TOA composition at 20 vol %, the vol % of modifiers (oleyl alcohol, dodecanol, and 1-decanol) is changed from 20 to 60 vol % in dodecane (diluent) to find the best combination for the extraction of the acid. The extraction system comprised of 20 vol % TOA + 40 vol % dodecanol + 20 vol % n-dodecane gives the best separation efficiency (95.06%). Then, with this solvent system, equilibrium studies are carried out at different acid concentrations (0.05 and 0.251 mmol.kg(-1)). Based on the theoretical study, the insights of the extraction mechanism are determined in terms of equilibrium constants (overall and individual, K-E, K-11, and K-21) and stoichiometry (m and n) at 298 K.
