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    Demographic features and population projection of resistant and susceptible populations of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
    (Springer, 2023) Naqqash, Muhammad Nadir; Gokce, Ayhan; Bakhsh, Allah; Salim, Muhammad
    Colorado potato beetle (CPB) is the most devastating insect-pest of potato in America, Asia and Europe. Injudicious use of insecticides for management of this pest has resulted in resistance to all major groups of insecticides. Keeping in view the importance of inducing susceptibility in CPB management, fitness parameters of susceptible CPB population were calculated in comparison with normal field populations. For this purpose, Agria cultivar was used for rearing of Colorado potato beetle under controlled conditions. Susceptible popualtion was raised for more than 3 years before the study. While, field population was collected and F-2 was used for the life table study. The life table study of lab susceptible and field collected population showed that the lab susceptible population had significantly less intrinsic rate, fecundity, survival and other population parameters than the field collected population. The calculated population parameters for the field population were 0.12 day(-1) for the intrinsic rate of increase (r), 1.13 day(-1) for the finite rate of increase (lambda), and 71.07 offsprings/female for the net reproductive rate (R-0), and they were significantly higher than the parameters of lab susceptible population (r = 0.10 day(-1), lambda = 1.10 day(-1) and R-0 = 38.43 offsprings/female). The increased biotic potential of CPB in the field can be attributed to the widespread use of neonicotinoids like imidacloprid. After detailed study, such insecticides, that have tendency to enhance the biotic potential of insect-pests, can be banned for better management of notorious insect-pests like CPB.
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    Demographic study of imidacloprid-resistant Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) fed on transgenic and commercial potato cultivars
    (Springer, 2022) Salim, Muhammad; Gokce, Ayhan; Bakhsh, Allah
    Impacts of transgenic and non-transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants containing more than one insecticidal gene on life table parameters of an imidacloprid-resistant Colorado potato beetle (CPB) colony, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, were studied under laboratory conditions. The life table parameters of the CPB colony on both commercial potato cultivars Agria and Lady Olympia and their transgenic counterparts were studied utilizing two methods: individually reared and group-reared to understand full potential of this destructive pest. All tested CPB larvae and adults on transgenic potato plants died before obtaining any results for the two-sex life table studies. The life table parameters were calculated using non-transgenic plants. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (lambda), the net reproductive rate (R-0) and the mean generation time (T) were calculated 0.15 day(-1), 1.16 day(-1), 233.81 eggs/female and 37.43 days on Lady Olympia respectively. The CPBs, reared on cultivar Agria, had significantly lower values of r, lambda and R-0 except T (0.12 day(-1), 1.13 day(-1), 120.81 eggs/female and 39.75 days) respectively. The net reproductive rate (R-0) (204.31 eggs/female) and the mean generation time (T) 43.86 days of CPB were longer on Lady Olympia than on Agria when reared in groups. All these results indicate that the non-transgenic potato cultivar, Lady Olympia is a more susceptible host for CPB than the potato cultivar Agria and the transgenic potato cultivars exhibit significant toxicity and could be useful in control of imidacloprid-resistant CPB population.
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    Heterologous expression of distinct insecticidal genes in potato cultivars encodes resistance against potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Salim, Muhammad; Bakhsh, Allah; Naqqash, Muhammad Nadir; Gokce, Ayhan
    The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is a notorious insect pest of potato incurring substantial yield losses in the field as well as in storage. Chemical control is difficult to exercise due to the latent feeding of the caterpillars and their ability to develop resistance against insecticides. One of the essential components of efficient insect-resistant management is using two or more different insecticidal genes in transgenic crops to effectively avoid and delay the resistance development in insect pests. Two constructs, namely DS-1 (cry3A + SN-19 genes) and DS-2 (OCII + SN-19 genes) in pCAMBIA1301 binary vector, were developed and were transformed in potato cultivars (Agria and Lady Olympia) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The molecular analysis confirmed gene integration and expression of the introduced genes in transgenic plants. The insecticidal effects of incorporated genes in transgenic plants were assessed against 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar potato tuber moth (PTM) larvae. The transgenic plants endured significantly high mortalities (100%) of larval stages of PTM within 72 h. Our results show that these transgenic potato plants have the potential to control populations of PTM and are also useful tools in managing PTM that would ultimately reduce the dependency on conventional chemical pesticides with potentially less or minimal hazards. These lines can also serve as an excellent source of germplasm for potato breeding program.
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    Insecticidal potential of native diatomaceous earth against sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
    (ResearchersLinks Ltd, 2020) Salim, Muhammad; Gökçe, Ayhan; Naqqash, Muhammad Nadir; Ersoy, Orkun
    The granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius is one of the serious pests of cereal crops worldwide. To control this pest, diatomaceous earth (DE) formulation consisted of diatoms, obtained from Nigde Province, Turkey, was tested against adults of the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) under laboratory conditions (25±1°C, 60±5% RH). Diatomaceous earth was applied to wheat grain at the rates of 100, 250, 300, 500, 750, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/Kg. Adult mortalities were assessed after 7, 14 and 21 days. Mortality rates rose with increases in dosage and length of exposure. Significantly higher mortality (89.75±3.66%) after one week occurred in grains treated with the highest concentration (2000 mg/Kg). At the highest concentration (2000 mg/Kg), the mortality reached as high as 100% after 2 weeks, while the lowest significant percent mortality (1.00±1.00%) was recorded in the control one week after exposure and only increased to 3.53±0.00% after 3 weeks. Percent weight loss in grain was also determined after 21 days. A significantly higher percent weight loss (7.29±0.11%) was found in the control, while no weight loss was observed in grains treated with the highest concentration (2000 mg/Kg). The grains were also observed for adult emergence for a period of 45 days. More than 90% reduction in adult emergence was recorded at concentrations of 1500 and 2000 mg/Kg. Conversely, the highest number of adults emerged at a dosage of 100 mg/Kg and in the control, i.e. 114.67±7.42 and 143.33±11.66 adults, respectively. The present study proposed that DE might potentially be effective in controlling S. granarius based on its ability to cause desiccation to the insects' protective cuticular wax layer. In order to develop environmentally sound control programs for in sito management of granary weevils, it will be necessary to expand the present study based on life table to get a comprehensive understanding and to determine the effect DE has on granary weevils and other grain pests when it is combined with plant extracts. © 2020 ResearchersLinks Ltd.
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    Insecticide resistance and its molecular basis in urban insect pests
    (SPRINGER, 2016) Naqqash, Muhammad Nadir; Gokce, Ayhan; Bakhsh, Allah; Salim, Muhammad
    Insecticide resistance is one of the most important evolutionary phenomena for researchers. Overuse of chemicals has induced resistance in insect pests that ultimately has led to the collapse of disease control programs in many countries. The erroneous and inappropriate management of insect vectors has resulted in dissemination of many vector-borne diseases like dengue, malaria, diarrhea, leishmaniasis, and many others. In most cases, the emergence of new diseases and the revival of old ones can be related with ecological changes that have favored rapid growth of vector densities. Understanding molecular mechanisms in resistant strains can assist in the development of management programs to control the development and spread of resistant insect populations. The dominant, recessive, and co-dominant forms of genes encoding resistance can be investigated, and furthermore, resistance development can be addressed either by the release of susceptible strains or timely insecticide rotation. The present review discusses the resistance level in all important insect vectors of human diseases; the molecular basis of evolvement of resistance has also been discussed.
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    Insights into the Use of Eco-Friendly Synergists in Resistance Management of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
    (Mdpi, 2022) Ullah, Rana Muhammad Kaleem; Gokce, Ayhan; Bakhsh, Allah; Salim, Muhammad; Wu, Hai Yan; Naqqash, Muhammad Nadir
    Simple Summary The discovery of insecticides requires time and has a high investment cost. However, injudicious use of insecticides has resulted in insect pest resistance and pest resurgence. These factors limit the market life of insecticides. To cope with this problem, synergists working as blockers of detoxification enzymes can provide a unique solution in resistance management. Owing to problems associated with chemical synergists, plant-based and RNAi-based synergists are much safer and easier to develop against insects. In fact, the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) has a unique detoxification mechanism due to its co-evolution with Solanaceous plants. This review is about how synergists can be used to deal with the resistance management of the CPB and will be helpful for researchers devising unique pest management strategies for other insect pests. The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is the most notorious insect pest of potato globally. Injudicious use of insecticides for management of this pest has resulted in resistance to all major groups of insecticides along with many human, animal health, and environmental concerns. Additionally, the input cost of insecticide development/discovery is markedly increasing because each year thousands of chemicals are produced and tested for their insecticidal properties, requiring billions of dollars. For the management of resistance in insect pests, synergists can play a pivotal role by reducing the application dose of most insecticides. These eco-friendly synergists can be classified into two types: plant-based synergists and RNAi-based synergists. The use of plant-based and RNAi-based synergists in resistance management of insect pests can give promising results with lesser environmental side effects. This review summarizes the resistance status of CPB and discusses the potential advantage of plant-based and RNAi-based synergists for CPB resistance management. It will motivate researchers to further investigate the techniques of using plant- and RNAi-based synergists in combination with insecticides.
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    Life table study of Sitotroga cerealella on different cereals and its implications on the performance of the egg parasitoid (Trichogramma chilonis) under laboratory conditions
    (Nature Portfolio, 2023) Salim, Muhammad; Ullah, Imdad; Saljoqi, Ahmad Ur Rahman; Gokce, Ayhan; Ahmad, Sarir; Almutairi, Mikhlid H.; Sayed, Amany A.
    Sitotroga cerealella is one of the major pests of cereals in the field and storage conditions throughout the world. The main objective was to study the life tables of S. cerealella on wheat, maize and barley and its implications on percent parasitism of Trichogramma chilonis. S. cerealella is reared under lab conditions as its eggs are utilized for rearing T. chilonis. Fresh eggs of S. cerealella were collected and after hatching the neonate larvae of S. cerealella were transferred onto each host plant species for obtaining first (F1) generation (G). Seventy eggs were used for each host and each egg was used as a replicate. Daily observations were made for recording the life-table parameters of the S. cerealella. The data showed that the developmental time of S. cerealella eggs and pupae was maximum (5.68 and 7.75 days) when reared on wheat, while the maximum larval duration (19.77 days) of S. cerealella was recorded on barley. The maximum fecundity (290.30 & PLUSMN; 22.47 eggs/female) was recorded on maize, while minimum fecundity per female was recorded on barley (159.30 eggs/ female). The S. cerealella reared on maize had significantly higher values of finite rate of increase (& lambda;), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and net reproductive rate (R-o) (0.14 & PLUSMN; 0.04 day(- 1), 1.16 & PLUSMN; 0.05 day(- 1), and 136.85 & PLUSMN; 20.25 eggs/ female) respectively. The mean generation time (T) (35.18 & PLUSMN; 0.61 days) was higher on wheat. Likewise, the gross reproductive rate (GRR) and the age-stage specific reproductive values (v(xj)) of newly oviposited eggs of S. cerealella were recorded higher (136.85 & PLUSMN; 20.25; 1.160 offspring) on maize. The data regarding the efficacy of T. chilonis for different parameters were recorded higher on maize i.e., percent parasitism (89.00 & PLUSMN; 2.30%), percent adult emergence (81.60 & PLUSMN; 1.20%), adult longevity (3.80 & PLUSMN; 0.10 days) and total adult longevity (9.90 & PLUSMN; 0.20 days) as compared to wheat and barley. Our findings revealed that S. cerealella can be best reared on maize under laboratory conditions as it prefers this host as compared to wheat and barley. Therefore, assigning the most susceptible and favorite host (maize) would help us to improve T. chilonis mass production under laboratory conditions.
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    Stacked insecticidal genes in potatoes exhibit enhanced toxicity against Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
    (Springer, 2021) Salim, Muhammad; Bakhsh, Allah; Gokce, Ayhan
    The present study was performed to express stacked insecticidal genes in potato cv. Lady Olympia and Agria to encode resistance against Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene (cry3A), synthetic hybrid (SN-19) and plant proteinase inhibitor Oryza cystatin II (OCII) cloned in pCAMBIA1301 binary vector in two different combinations as of DS-1 (cry3A + SN-19 genes) and DS-2 (OCII + SN-19 genes) constructs and further transformed to two potato cultivars using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. All molecular analyses confirmed gene integration and expression in a total of 27 primary transformants in both Agria and Lady Olympia. Insecticidal effects of T0 progeny transgenic potato plants were tested against CPB under laboratory conditions. Transgenic plants of Agria and Lady Olympia transformed with DS-1 and DS-2 constructs caused 100% mortality to all larval stages and adults of CPB. However, 100% mortality of tested insects took a longer time in the adult stage (10-14 days) compared to larval stages (2-6 days). Foliage consumption by L2-L4 larval stages and adults of CPB was significantly reduced in Agria and Lady Olympia plants transformed with DS-1 and DS-2 constructs, as compared to their control plants. Lower foliage consumption of transgenic plants by L1 larval stages was also observed, but the reduction was only statistically significant for some of the tested plants. These promising results indicate that the transgenic potato plants exhibit a high potential in controlling CPB population and are a useful tool in the management of imidacloprid-resistant CPB.