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    Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Plastics
    (wiley, 2022) Wasewar, Kailas L.; Kumar, Sushil; Pal, Dharm; Uslu, Hasan
    Plastic is one of the most essential parts of dayâ€toâ€day life and has been used everywhere for many the applications. Plastics are a type of synthetic polymers mostly comprised of various elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and chloride. Plastics are mainly manufactred from fossil sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Various popular and widely used plastics are polyethylene (PE), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), nylons, polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), and polyvinylchloride (PVC). Plastics are mostly considered as a pollutant to the environment because of inefficient and nonâ€sustainable methods for disposal of them. Plastic wastes are responsible for increasing the ecological threat to all inhabitants of our planet. In 2015, almost 381 million tons of plastic was produced and it was cumulative as 7.81 billion tons by 2015. The used plastics are mainly discarded, incinerated, and recycled as methods of disposal. In view of the new circular economy and sustainable development context, the environmental performance of various services and products is a very important aspect, which has been gaining importance over the last few years. Environmental impacts during the lifecycle of products and services may be quantified with the help of various methods, such as strategic environmental assessment (SEA), environmental risk assessment (ERA), material flow analysis (MFA), life cycle assessment (LCA), environmental impact assessment (EIA), costâ€benefit analysis (CBA), and the ecological footprint (EF) method. Life cycle assessment is the most promising and popular method for assessing the environmental impact, and this methodology may be easily applied to every product and system to explain the type and the disparity among various results. This chapter focuses on life cycle assessment of plastics for the issues of sustainability. In view of this, various basic consideration of life cycle assessment such as basic approach, definitions, tools, frameworks, methodologies, ways, and classifications have been presented, and its application for plastic and plastic industries have been discussed. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Reactive Extraction as an Intensifying Approach for the Recovery of Organic Acids from Aqueous Solution: A Comprehensive Review on Experimental and Theoretical Studies
    (Amer Chemical Soc, 2021) Kumar, Sushil; Pandey, Shitanshu; Wasewar, Kailas L.; Ak, Namik; Uslu, Hasan
    Organic acids are important targeted chemicals worldwide due to their variety of functionalities in various fields. Organic acids can be produced through chemical processes of fossil raw materials as well as by the microbial fermentation of natural occurring biomass. Because of growing environmental concern, the production pathways are shifting toward biobased green technologies. The primary challenge in the biological synthesis of organic acids is the downstream recovery of the main products from the fermentation broth/aqueous stream. Among the various techniques for the downstream processing, reactive (liquid) extraction is deemed as a great opportunity for this purpose. It is an energy-saving process with flexibility in production scale and a high degree of separation and selectivity. In this review, starting with highlighting the bioproduction and various alternatives available for the recovery of organic acids from aqueous solution, the reactive extraction, an intensified approach is described in detail. The influence of reactive extraction parameters, insights of equilibrium and kinetic mechanisms, and thermodynamic aspects are discussed and analyzed. Different theoretical models for process optimization, determination of equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters, and quantification of solvents' effect are also explained in detail. This paper also highlights recent experimental and theoretical studies for the recovery of different organic acids using amine, phosphorus, and ionic liquid based extractants from fermentation broth/industrial waste streams. In addition, industrial development on the recovery of organic acids using the reactive extraction approach is also described.