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    An overview of regulations of genetically modified organisms in Türkiye
    (Elsevier, 2022) Bakhsh, Allah; Hossain, Md Jakir; Yerlikaya, Bayram Ali; Ayten, Sefa; Özcan, Sebahattin
    Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living beings whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory by genetic modification with plant, animal, bacterial, and viral genes in order to favor the expression of desired physiological traits or the generation of desired biological products that do not exist in nature or by traditional crossbreeding methods. GMOs have become a part of everyday life with diverse beneficial aspects, although some disadvantages exist; therefore, GMOs' production remains a highly controversial topic in many parts of the world. Initially, this outstanding agricultural practice was initiated to combat global food scarcity and famine and remains as a viable option for large-scale crop production to ensure global food security. Furthermore, the patent of GMO seeds leads to the inevitable control and dominancy of private enterprises over food production. Besides these, although there is no concrete proof, the harmful effects of GMO crops on human health are the burning question around the world. In addition to these, because of improper regulation strategy, misconceptions, and low literacy regarding the GMO products, loss of genetic diversity, and nonreturnable status of GMOs to nature after being released, the issue of labeling the GMO products is a huge problem among the consumers. Hence, GMO issues are closely related to human health aspects that should be considered and cannot be ignored by the law. Many countries have come forward with legislative action to regulate this sensitive field. As Türkiye has needed to depend on importing agricultural goods for some time, it has implemented several legislative measures to control GMO related affairs. This article will detail all contemporary GMO issues for Türkiye. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Bitki Peptit ve Amino Asit Taşıyıcılarının Demir Taşınmasındaki Görevleri
    (2022) Aksoy, Emre; Maqbool, Amir; Yerlikaya, Bayram Ali; Wahid, Fazli
    Demir (Fe) bitkiler için önemli bir mikro-besin elementi olup, eksikliği bitki büyümesi ve gelişimini engelleyerek ciddi verim kayıplarına neden olur. Toprakta bulunan yarayışlı demirin bitkiler tarafından alınması ve bitki organlarına taşınması üzerine uzun yıllara dayanan detaylı çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmalar sonucunda demirin bazı organik maddeler ile şelatlanarak taşınabileceği gösterilmiştir. Bu organik maddelerin içerisinde peptitler ve amino asitler yer almaktadır. Ancak, demirin peptitler ve amino asitler ile bitki içerisine alımı veya organlar arası taşınması üzerine detaylı çalışmalar yapılmamıştır. Gerçekleştirilen az sayıdaki çalışmada oligopeptit taşıyıcı (OPT) ve İlaç/Metabolit Taşıyıcı (DMT) aileleri üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Yakın zaman önce bitkilerde keşfedilen UMAMIT amino asit taşıyıcı ailesinin demir taşınmasındaki olası rolleri ise henüz incelenmemiştir. Bu derleme kapsamında, demirin bitki içine alınması ve organlar arası taşınmasından sorumlu taşıyıcı aileleri ile OPT, DMT ve UMAMIT ailelerinin demir-peptit ve demir- amino asit komplekslerini taşımadaki rolleri özetlenmiştir.
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    Bitkilerde Rizosferden Demir Alım Mekanizmaları
    (2018) Aksoy, Emre; Yerlikaya, Bayram Ali; Ayten, Sefa; Abudureyimu, Buasimuhan
    Demir, toprakta en çok bulunan elementlerden bir tanesi olmasına karşın çözünürlüğüalkali topraklarda düşüktür. Dolayısıyla bu tür topraklarda yetişen bitkiler sürekli demireksikliği stresine maruz kalırlar. Dünyadaki tarım arazilerin üçte biri bu tür topraklardanoluştuğundan dolayı tedavi edilemeyen demir eksikliği tarımsal üretimi kısıtlar.Bitkilerde gözlenen demir eksikliğinin tedavisinde farklı demir gübrelerikullanılmaktadır. Ancak, bu gübrelerin kullanımı üretim maliyetlerini artırmaktadır.Maliyetlerin azaltılabilmesi için bitkilerin toprakta bulunan demiri en etkin biçimdekullanabilmeleri gerekir. Bunun için de ilk olarak bitkilerin topraktaki demiri nasıl kökiçerisine aldıklarının incelenmesi gerekmektedir. Son otuz yılda yapılan çalışmalardafarklı bitki gruplarının 3 farklı demir alım mekanizması kullandıkları keşfedilmiştir. Buderlemenin amacı, demirin kök içerisine alımından sorumlu taşıyıcılar ile bu taşıyıcılarhakkındaki güncel gelişmelerden bahsetmektir.
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    Climate Change Forecasting and Modeling for the Year of 2050
    (Springer International Publishing, 2020) Yerlikaya, Bayram Ali; Ömezli, Seher; Aydoğan, Nazlican
    Climate change as a result of global warming is a concern all over the world. Scientists have tried to understand the place in the future scenario of climate change by developing different forecasting systems to investigate these concerns. There are many forecasting systems have been developed to plan and minimize the negative consequences of climate change in various fields in our lives. Agriculture is a production platform and severely affected by parameters result from climate change such as drought, flooding, heat and cold stresses. Climate Forecast and agriculture is an interdisciplinary research program based on advances in various fields. It is predicted that the temperature, which is expected to increase by 2 °C by 2050, will cause close to 50 million people to experience hunger risk due to agricultural effects. This concern in agriculture has demonstrated the need for maximum use of agricultural resources and areas. Many models have been developed for these purposes, which are a simplified description of a system through a computer adapted representation that allows us to conduct virtual experiments. In this chapter, there is brief discussion of climate change for the year of 2050 through the world and information about forecasting and modelling systems on agriculture. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.
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    Effect of climate change on abiotic stress response gene networks in Arabidopsis thaliana
    (Springer International Publishing, 2022) Yerlikaya, Bayram Ali; Ates, Dilan; Abudureyimu, Buasimuhan; Aksoy, Emre
    Climate change leads to various abiotic stresses that the plants face within their life cycles. This leads to extensive biochemical, physiological, and morphological changes in plants. Plants have evolved several defense mechanisms to survive in abiotic stress conditions, and all of these mechanisms include the differential expression of hundreds of genes involved in tens of different biological pathways. Recent systems biology approaches have identified a core gene network that is essential in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. However, a more detailed analysis is required to understand the core transcriptional regulatory network of stress-responsive genes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we explain the identification of a core transcriptional regulatory network of stress-responsive genes in Arabidopsis by bioinformatic analyses under several abiotic stress conditions. Then, known functions of identified transcription factor families are discussed in detail. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. All rights reseverd.
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    Exploration of Climate Change Effects on Shifting Potato Seasons, Yields and Water Use Employing NASA and National Long-Term Weather Data
    (Springer, 2020) Yagiz, Ayten Kubra; Cakici, Mustafa; Aydogan, Nazlican; Omezli, Seher; Yerlikaya, Bayram Ali; Ayten, Sefa; Maqbool, Amir
    Climate change is a threat to agriculture but also presents opportunities and requires adaptation strategies. In many countries adequate meteorological data is lacking, so this is where NASA weather data are of assistance. We aimed to develop a generic and easily applicable approach to calculate the effect of climate change on potato yields and water need. We therefore used the NASA-Langley-Gaisma weather database which has data of thousands of sites worldwide. Comparing these with national data of a particular country, Turkey in this case showed that they compare well but diverge somewhat at the lower temperature range. The evapotranspiration (ETP) rate was not supplied by NASA, so we estimated this rate by multiplying the average daily radiation in MJ/m(2) by 5. There was a good correlation with actual ETP, and where there is a systematic deviation, it will not change conclusions when comparing sites and climate change scenarios. Next, it was assumed that potato crops are planted in spring when the average daily temperature is above 13 degrees C. When the average daily temperature reaches 22 degrees C and above, it is assumed that the crop is harvested as it gets too hot. For the highland sites with summer crops, this gave planting and harvest dates that reflect reality, but for the coastal sites, the time window with this method was too short. Since there is no risk of frost, farmers plant at lower temperatures, in local niches not covered by the regional met stations. The effect of climate change, higher temperatures, shifting planting dates and a CO2 induced increased growth rate on yield and water need of the crops was well explored with the LINTUL crop growth model. At unchanged rates of incident solar radiation and unchanged planting dates, an average decrease in potential yield from 94 to 83 t/ha is calculated. Extention of summer by 20 days on average causes decrease in the frost-free period, which leads to an overall increase of potential yield of the highland summer crops by 3%. The length of the growing season of the coastal spring crops is not extended; the season just moves closer to the winter with shorter day lengths and less radiation. So here yields are not affected by adverse high temperatures but are reduced by lower radiation levels. For both highland summer and coastal spring crops, an increase in the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere from the current 415 to future level of around 550 ppm is expected to increase the radiation use efficiency, so also yields by 25%.
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    General guidelines for CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing in plants
    (Springer, 2022) Aksoy, Emre; Yildirim, Kubilay; Kavas, Musa; Kayihan, Ceyhun; Yerlikaya, Bayram Ali; Calik, Irmak; Sevgen, Ilkay
    CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) technology is a versatile genome editing tool that has been used to improve agriculturally important plant traits. Due to its precision, CRISPR/Cas9 is more effective than either conventional plant breeding methods or standard genetic engineering approaches for the rapid development of new varieties resilient to climate change. In addition to knowledge in tissue culture-based plant transformation, effective gene-specific single guide RNA (sgRNA) design, prediction of its off-target effect and utilization of vectors, promoters, Cas proteins and terminators is required for CRISPR/Cas9. Various bioinformatics tools are available for the best sgRNA design and screening of the off-targets. Various tools are used in the delivery of CRISPR/Cas components into cells and the genome. Moreover, some recent studies proved the simultaneous silencing of different paralogs in the same family or several genes working in the same pathway by using multiple-target sgRNA designs. This review summarizes the type of promoters, Cas proteins, recognition sequences, and terminators available for the development of knock-out and overexpression plant lines. It also provides a general guideline for the development of genome-edited plants from the design of sgRNAs to the selection of non-transgenic genome-edited T-2 generation.