Covıd-19 pandemi krizinin Türk bankacılık faaliyetleri üzerine etkisi ve sektörün geleceğine dair öngörüler
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Dünyada uzun yıllardır görülmeyen bir salgın hastalık türü olan Covid-19 ve sebep olduğu pandemi krizi, ortaya çıktığı andan itibaren insan hayatını hem sosyal hem de ekonomik yönden fazlasıyla etkilemiştir. Geçmişte yaşanan krizlerden çok sayıda ders çıkarmayı başarmış ve sistemlerini krizlere karşı daha dayanıklı hale getirmiş olan bankalar, küresel finans sistemini geniş çaplı etkileyen Covid-19 pandemi krizinden de yara almadan çıkmayı başarabilmişlerdir. Yaşanan kriz bankacılık sistemine yeni refleksler kazandırmış, kriz esnasında ve sonrasındaki süreçteki banka performanslarında kayda değer bir olumsuzluk yaratmamıştır. Türk Bankacılık Sektörü neredeyse her on yılda bir tekrarlanan ekonomik krizlere alışkın olsa da böylesi bir pandemi ile ilk kez karşılaşılması ve krizin hem küresel hem de yerel ekonomi ve finans çevrelerine olan etkilerinin kestirilememesi, sistemin çökeceğine dair ürkütücü senaryoların da beraberinde gelmesine yol açmıştır. Bu noktada her ülke krize karşı farklı önlemleri devreye sokarken, süreçte G-20 ülke ekonomileri yaklaşık %3,3 daralma yaşamış, Türkiye %1,8 büyüme oranı ile Çin ile birlikte büyüme ivmesini koruyan sayılı ülkelerden biri olmayı başarmıştır (SPK, 2020). Pandemi nedeniyle ani bir şekilde daralan küresel ticaret sonucunda fabrikalar bulundukları iş kollarına göre belirli sürelerle faaliyetlerini yavaşlatmak ya da durdurmak zorunda kalmış, turizm, sağlık, eğitim gibi hizmet sektörleri ve buna bağlı birçok alt iş kolunda yaşanan küçülme istihdam başta olmak üzere pek çok makroekonomik göstergenin bozulmasına neden olmuştur. Öngörülemeyen bu durum karşısında alınan sert tedbirler ticari aktivitenin keskin bir şekilde düşmesine sebebiyet vermiş, şirketler ve çalışanlar finansal edimlerini yerine getirememe ve temerrüde düşme riski ile karşı karşıya kalmışlardır. Bu ortam, içerisinde bankaları da barındıran finansal kurum ve kuruluşları, iş modellerini ve stratejilerini hızla yenilemeye, yeni koşullara hızlı bir şekilde adapte olmaya ve yeni riskleri yönetme becerisi kazanmaya zorlamıştır (KPMG, 2020). Merkez bankaları kriz süresince genel olarak birbirine paralel politikalar yürütmüş ve krizin etkilerini azaltmak adına likidite destekleri, varlık alımları, takas hatları, politika faiz indirimleri, kredi olanakları, vadeli finansman olanakları, döviz müdahaleleri, zorunlu karşılıklarda indirim ve sermaye ihtiyacının azaltılması gibi araçları kullanmışlardır. Kullanılan bu araçlarla krize karşı hızlı bir reaksiyon gösterilmiş, Covid-19'un piyasalar üzerindeki baskısı azaltılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ancak pandemi sürecinde yaşanan ikinci dalganın makroekonomik göstergelerdeki bozulmaları arttırması, ilk aşamada alınan önlemlerin etkilerinin sınırlı kaldığı gibi bir düşünceye de yol açmıştır (Şahin, 2021: 69-80). Bankalar insan aktivitesinin azaldığı bu süreci, dijitalleşmeye daha fazla önem vererek ve alternatif dağıtım kanallarının kullanımını arttırarak aşmaya çalışmıştır. Bu yüzden Covid-19 krizinin, bankalara dijitalleşmenin önemini daha iyi kavrama ve teknolojilerini geliştirme yönünde yeni bakış açıları da kazandırma gibi faydaları da olmuştur. Tüm bu etkiler göz önüne alındığında Türk Bankacılık Sektörünün süreçten dolayı yaşadığı değişimlerin ve bu değişimlere karşı aldığı önlemlerin daha iyi anlaşılması gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle Türk Bankacılık Sektörünün Covid-19 pandemi krizine nasıl bir reaksiyon verdiği değerlendirilmekte ve pandeminin Türk Bankacılık Sektörü mali yapısında yarattığı etkiler rakamsal boyutlarıyla ele alınarak, uygulanan politikaların mali yapıları ne derece koruduğuna dair tespitlerde bulunulmaya çalışılmaktadır.
Covid-19, a type of epidemic that has not been seen in the world for many years, and the pandemic crisis caused by it, has greatly affected human life both socially and economically since its emergence. Banks, which have managed to learn many lessons from past crises and have made their systems more resilient to crises, have managed to emerge unscathed from the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, which has had a large-scale impact on the global financial system. The crisis brought new reflexes to the banking system and did not create a significant negative impact on bank performance during and after the crisis. Although the Turkish Banking Sector is accustomed to economic crises recurring almost every decade, the first time such a pandemic was encountered and the unpredictability of the effects of the crisis on both the global and local economy and financial circles led to frightening scenarios that the system would collapse. At this point, while each country implemented different measures against the crisis, the economies of G-20 countries contracted by approximately 3.3% in the process, while Turkey managed to be one of the few countries, along with China, to maintain its growth momentum with a growth rate of 1.8% (SPK, 2020). As a result of the sudden contraction in global trade due to the pandemic, factories had to slow down or stop their activities for certain periods of time depending on their business lines, and the shrinkage in service sectors such as tourism, health, education and many related sub-business lines caused deterioration in many macroeconomic indicators, especially employment. The harsh measures taken in the face of this unforeseen situation led to a sharp decline in commercial activity, and companies and employees were faced with the risk of defaulting and defaulting on their financial obligations. This environment forced financial institutions and organizations, including banks, to rapidly renew their business models and strategies, adapt quickly to new conditions, and gain the ability to manage new risks (KPMG, 2020). Central banks have generally pursued parallel policies throughout the crisis and used instruments such as liquidity support, asset purchases, swap lines, policy rate cuts, credit facilities, term financing facilities, foreign exchange interventions, reserve requirement reductions and capital requirement reductions to mitigate the effects of the crisis. With these instruments, a rapid reaction was shown against the crisis and the pressure of Covid-19 on the markets was tried to be reduced. However, the second wave of the pandemic increased the deterioration in macroeconomic indicators, leading to the idea that the effects of the measures taken in the first phase were limited (Şahin, 2021: 69-80). Banks tried to overcome this period of reduced human activity by giving more importance to digitalization and increasing the use of alternative distribution channels. Therefore, the Covid-19 crisis also helped banks to better understand the importance of digitalization and to gain new perspectives to improve their technologies. Considering all these effects, it is thought that the changes experienced by the Turkish Banking Sector due to the process and the measures taken against these changes should be better understood. For this reason, it is evaluated how the Turkish Banking Sector reacted to the Covid-19 pandemic crisis and the effects of the pandemic on the financial structure of the Turkish Banking Sector are analyzed in numerical terms, and it is tried to determine to what extent the policies implemented protect the financial structures.
Covid-19, a type of epidemic that has not been seen in the world for many years, and the pandemic crisis caused by it, has greatly affected human life both socially and economically since its emergence. Banks, which have managed to learn many lessons from past crises and have made their systems more resilient to crises, have managed to emerge unscathed from the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, which has had a large-scale impact on the global financial system. The crisis brought new reflexes to the banking system and did not create a significant negative impact on bank performance during and after the crisis. Although the Turkish Banking Sector is accustomed to economic crises recurring almost every decade, the first time such a pandemic was encountered and the unpredictability of the effects of the crisis on both the global and local economy and financial circles led to frightening scenarios that the system would collapse. At this point, while each country implemented different measures against the crisis, the economies of G-20 countries contracted by approximately 3.3% in the process, while Turkey managed to be one of the few countries, along with China, to maintain its growth momentum with a growth rate of 1.8% (SPK, 2020). As a result of the sudden contraction in global trade due to the pandemic, factories had to slow down or stop their activities for certain periods of time depending on their business lines, and the shrinkage in service sectors such as tourism, health, education and many related sub-business lines caused deterioration in many macroeconomic indicators, especially employment. The harsh measures taken in the face of this unforeseen situation led to a sharp decline in commercial activity, and companies and employees were faced with the risk of defaulting and defaulting on their financial obligations. This environment forced financial institutions and organizations, including banks, to rapidly renew their business models and strategies, adapt quickly to new conditions, and gain the ability to manage new risks (KPMG, 2020). Central banks have generally pursued parallel policies throughout the crisis and used instruments such as liquidity support, asset purchases, swap lines, policy rate cuts, credit facilities, term financing facilities, foreign exchange interventions, reserve requirement reductions and capital requirement reductions to mitigate the effects of the crisis. With these instruments, a rapid reaction was shown against the crisis and the pressure of Covid-19 on the markets was tried to be reduced. However, the second wave of the pandemic increased the deterioration in macroeconomic indicators, leading to the idea that the effects of the measures taken in the first phase were limited (Şahin, 2021: 69-80). Banks tried to overcome this period of reduced human activity by giving more importance to digitalization and increasing the use of alternative distribution channels. Therefore, the Covid-19 crisis also helped banks to better understand the importance of digitalization and to gain new perspectives to improve their technologies. Considering all these effects, it is thought that the changes experienced by the Turkish Banking Sector due to the process and the measures taken against these changes should be better understood. For this reason, it is evaluated how the Turkish Banking Sector reacted to the Covid-19 pandemic crisis and the effects of the pandemic on the financial structure of the Turkish Banking Sector are analyzed in numerical terms, and it is tried to determine to what extent the policies implemented protect the financial structures.
Açıklama
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bankacılık ve Finans Ana Bilim Dalı
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bankacılık, Banking
