Kerkük ve Musul'un tarihi coğrafyası
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2010
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Ortadoğu sahasının önemli bir bölgesi olan Irak coğrafyası içerisinde bulunan Kerkük ve Musul vilayeti yüzyıllar boyunca Türk hâ-kimiyetinde kalmıştır. Türkmen vilayeti olan ve Türkler ile meskûn bulu-nan bu bölgede Türkler, bin yıldan fazla bir zaman, başarılı bir yönetim ve huzur içerisinde bir idare ortaya koymuşlardı. Musul adı, şehri, tarihî coğrafyası ve Osmanlı Devleti idaresinde XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Musul Vilayeti, Musul’a bağlı başta Kerkük olmak üzere sancaklar, kazalar ve nâhiyeler hakkında bilgi verilecektir. Ayrıca, Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı iken; Musul, Kerkük, Sincar ve Süleymaniye sancakları ve buralara bağlı kazaların tarihî coğrafyaları, arazi özellikleri, idarî yapısı da önem arz etmektedir. Osmanlılar yönettikleri toplumları, Müslüman- Gayrimüslim olarak sadece iki gurupta tasnif etmiştir. Günümüzde Batılılar ise, dünyanın birçok bölgesinde halkları etnik çerçevede onlarca, bazen yüzlerce guruba ayırmaktadırlar. Böylece toplumları iç çekişmeye, ayrılığa, hatta savaşlara kadar sürükleyebilmek-tedirler. Kerkük-Musul bölgesi Türk tarihi bakımından oldukça kıymetli bir yere sahiptir. Özellikle İslamiyet’i kabulden sonra, Türklerin Anadolu’yu vatan yapmaları sırasında Musul-Kerkük bölgesi önemli bir merkez idi. Türklerin Türkistan’dan batıya doğru yönelmeleri sırasında, Selçuklular Anadolu’yu Türk ülkesi yaparken, yol üzerindeki Musul-Kerkük bölgesi de bir Türk yurdu haline gelmiştir. Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nden sonra, Osmanlı Devleti hâkimiyetine geçinceye kadar Kerkük ve Musul bölgesinde; Irak Selçukluları, Zengîler, Erbil Atabeyliği, Karakoyunlular, Akkoyunlular ve Safevîler gibi birçok Türk devleti hüküm sürmüştür. Yavuz Sultan Selim tarafından 1517 yılında Osmanlı Devleti hâkimiyetine geçen Musul ve havâlisinde, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman zamanında (1520-1566), Türk hâkimiyeti daha da güçlendirilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti idaresindeki Musul Vilayeti; doğuda İran,kuzeyde Diyarbakır, güneyde Bağdat, batıda Şam, kuzeybatıda ise Halep vilayetleri ve Zûr Sancağı ile çevrelenmişti. Kerkük ve Musul bölgesi, son derece ılıman bir iklime sahiptir. Çok çeşitli tarım ürünlerinin yetiştirilmesi ve hayvancılık için de uygun bir sahadır. Bölgede; Dicle, Huser, Hebzel, Zap ve Gazer gibi akarsular bulunmakta, bu da ekonomik hayata önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca, petrol başta olmak üzere yeraltı kaynakları bakımından da oldukça zengin bir bölgedir. Kerkük ve Musul özellikleri itibari ile tarihî coğrafya bakımından incelenerek, şehir, nüfus ve idari yapı, Türk tarihi bakımından önem arz eden eserler belirtilecektir.
Kerkuk and Musul which are in the Iraq geography that is an important region of Middle East, were under the reign of Turks for centuries. Turks performed a successful and peaceful administration in this region which is a Turkmen city and in which Turks settled. Informa-tion about administration the name “Musul”, the city, the historical geog-raphy, Musul under of the Ottoman State in the second half of 19th cen-tury and sanjaks, especially Kerkük, countries and boroughs of Musul will be given. Musul, Kerkük, Sincar and Süleymaniye Sanjaks, and the histori-cal geographies, land features and administrative structures of their coun-tries are also important. Ottomans classified the communities they admin-istrated only as Muslims and non-Muslims. Where as today westerners divide communities into tens, sometimes hundreds of ethnic groups in many regions of the world. Thus They manage to drag them in to interiors quarrels, even wars. Musul, Kerkük region has a rather valuable place in terms of Turk-ish history. This region was an important base during the period when Turks made Anatolia homeland, especially after the acceptance of Islam. In the course of Turks’ inclination towards the west, Musul and Kerkük region, which was on the way, also became a Turkish homeland while the Seljuks made Anatolia a Turkish homeland. After the Great Seljuk State, many Turkish states such as Iraq, Sel-juks, Zengis, Erbil Atabeylik, Karakoyunlus and Akkoyunlus and Safevis reigned in Musul region until the region was under the rule of Ottoman State. The Turkish domination was made stronger during the reign of Kanuni Sultan Süleyman (1520-1566) in Musul and its periferies, which was had been ruled under Ottoman State by Yavuz Sultan Selim in 1517. Musul under the rule of Ottoman State was surrounded with Iran in the east, Diyarbakır in the north, Bagdat in the South, Damascus in the west, and Halep and Zûr Sanjak in the north-west.Kerkuk and Musul region have a rather warm climate. It is a suitable land for many different agricultural products to be produced and for stockbreeding. Many rivers such as Dicle, Huser, Hebzel, Zap and Gazer exist in the region, and this provides the economical life with many con-tributions. Besides, it is quite a rich region in terms of underground sources, especially petrolium. Kerkük and Musul will be searched in terms of their features from the historical geographical point of view; the city, population and admin-istrative structure and works that are important from the Turkish historical point of view will be stated.
Kerkuk and Musul which are in the Iraq geography that is an important region of Middle East, were under the reign of Turks for centuries. Turks performed a successful and peaceful administration in this region which is a Turkmen city and in which Turks settled. Informa-tion about administration the name “Musul”, the city, the historical geog-raphy, Musul under of the Ottoman State in the second half of 19th cen-tury and sanjaks, especially Kerkük, countries and boroughs of Musul will be given. Musul, Kerkük, Sincar and Süleymaniye Sanjaks, and the histori-cal geographies, land features and administrative structures of their coun-tries are also important. Ottomans classified the communities they admin-istrated only as Muslims and non-Muslims. Where as today westerners divide communities into tens, sometimes hundreds of ethnic groups in many regions of the world. Thus They manage to drag them in to interiors quarrels, even wars. Musul, Kerkük region has a rather valuable place in terms of Turk-ish history. This region was an important base during the period when Turks made Anatolia homeland, especially after the acceptance of Islam. In the course of Turks’ inclination towards the west, Musul and Kerkük region, which was on the way, also became a Turkish homeland while the Seljuks made Anatolia a Turkish homeland. After the Great Seljuk State, many Turkish states such as Iraq, Sel-juks, Zengis, Erbil Atabeylik, Karakoyunlus and Akkoyunlus and Safevis reigned in Musul region until the region was under the rule of Ottoman State. The Turkish domination was made stronger during the reign of Kanuni Sultan Süleyman (1520-1566) in Musul and its periferies, which was had been ruled under Ottoman State by Yavuz Sultan Selim in 1517. Musul under the rule of Ottoman State was surrounded with Iran in the east, Diyarbakır in the north, Bagdat in the South, Damascus in the west, and Halep and Zûr Sanjak in the north-west.Kerkuk and Musul region have a rather warm climate. It is a suitable land for many different agricultural products to be produced and for stockbreeding. Many rivers such as Dicle, Huser, Hebzel, Zap and Gazer exist in the region, and this provides the economical life with many con-tributions. Besides, it is quite a rich region in terms of underground sources, especially petrolium. Kerkük and Musul will be searched in terms of their features from the historical geographical point of view; the city, population and admin-istrative structure and works that are important from the Turkish historical point of view will be stated.
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Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları
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28
