Temettuat defterlerine göre Karamürsel kazasının sosyal ve ekonomik yapısı (1844-1845)
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Tarih
2002
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Niğde Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Osmanlı Devleti'nde reform çalışmaları. 3 kasım 1839 tarihli Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümayunu ile yeni bir döneme girdi. Mevcut kurumların yeniden düzenlenmesini hedef tutan Tanzimat, Osmanlı Devleti'nde ilk ıslahat girişimi değildir. Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümayun'un geçmişte benzeri olmayan yeni bir olay olduğunu söylemekte mümkün değildir. Fakat Tanzimat Osmanlı Devleti'nin tüm kurumlarıyla Batılılaşma kararını yansıttığı için, daha önceki benzer girişimlerden ayrılır. 18. yüzyılın ikinci yansı ve 19. yüzyılın başlarında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu 'nda ekonomik sıkıntı ciddi boyutlara ulaşmıştı, başta padişah ve maliye ile ilgili bürokratlar bu durumun en asgariye indirilmesi için bir takım yeni tedbirlerin alınması hususunda çalışmalar başlatmışlardı. Bu çalışmaların en önemlisi Temettuat Defterleridir. Temettuat defterlerinin yazılmasından amaç, herkesin kazancına göre vergi vermesi esas tutulduğu için, defterlerde her hane reisinin mesleği, sahip olduğu arazi ve hayvanatı, yıllık geliri ve ödediği vergi kaydedilmiştir. Bolu eyaletinin İzmit sancağına bağlı Karamürsel kazasında 1260-1261 (1844-1845) tarihlerinde 22 temettuat defteri düzenlenmiştir. Bu defterlerden 1 adedi gayr-i müslim bir yerleşim yeri olan Gınca Köyüne. 1 defter çiftliklere ait ve kalan 16 defter ise Müslümanların yerleşim yerlerini ihtiva etmektedir. Defterlerden 4 tanesine rastlayamadık. Bu kayıp defterler den bir tanesi Kuğlacık Köyüne, bir diğeri de Tepe Köy'e ait olmalıdır. Ancak kalan 2 defterin hangi yerleşim birimine ait olduğu hakkında herhangi bir bilgi mevcut değildir. Çalışmamız mevcut olan 18 defter esas alınarak hazırlanmıştır. Defterlere göre, Karamürsel kazasına ait toprakların büyük bir bölümü zeytinlik ve meyve bahçeleri için ayrılmıştır. Bölgenin iklimi tahıl üretimini engellese de çiftçiler ildim şartlan elverdiği oranda tahıl yetiştirmeye çalışmışlardır. Kazarım çevresi geniş ormanlıklarla kaplıdır, hayvanların otayabilecekleri mera ve otlaklar azdır, bu durum hayvancılığın gelişmesini engellemiştir. Zirai faaliyetler dışında Kazanın diğer önemli geçim kaynağı denizcilik gelirleridir. Halk gemicilik, kaptanlık ve balıkçılık yaparak bir gelir kapısı oluşturmuştur. Hanelerden alınan vergiler, hane reislerinin gelirleri oranında alınmaktadır. Defterlerde amel manda (iş göremez) ve arazi ve hayvanatı olmayıp herhangi bir geliri olmayan hane reislerinden vergi talep edilmediği görülmektedir. Ayrıca imam, müezzin, papaz gibi Müslüman ve gayr-ı müslim din adamlarından da vergi alınmamıştır.
Economic distress was the most important problem for Osmanlı Empire; in second part of 1 8 yy. and initial time of 1 9 yy. first of all; Sultan and bure aucracy which was about finance started to work because economical problem was reduced minimum with # new precoution. The most important work was "Temettuat Notebooks" Real aim was been to o btain, everbody.s gain;so;all persan will give tax for their job. Familiy r epre sentative,s job,year.gain,paymented tax and whoose lond ad animal was been in temettuat. Notebooks 22-Temerruat Notebooks were made in 1260-1261 (1844-1845) in Karamürsel vilage ; depended on İzmit. Tehere were in province of Bolu. One notebook was in Ginca vilage. On other notebook was concerned for form and other 16 notebook were contented about Müslim,s settlement areas. Unfor tunately other 4. notebooks weren,t found;Loss notebooks concerned some villagesi. One was Kuğlacık villages and one was tepe village's; but weren't been any ideas about 2 notebooks. All information and Works were prepared with known 18 notebooks. Large areas were been olive trees and fruit garden in village of Karamürsel from blown notebooks. Farmer's were raised of from produce; hawewer repional climate wasn't so good. Stock- breeding wasn't devollopped because pasture and areas not enough for animals; however large areas were surrounded whit trees in Karamürsel. An other livelihood source was sailor gain. People were, been fisherman, captain or sailor. Known notebooks gave some information for us. Paymented tax was been different for people take was been direct rate of family representative's job. If family representative hadn't got any work, job, land, animal; who never gave tax. However relipion man and no muslim relipion man weren't paid of tax. The biggest tax was concerned of Ginca village. It was no muslim village and it was in Karamürsel.
Economic distress was the most important problem for Osmanlı Empire; in second part of 1 8 yy. and initial time of 1 9 yy. first of all; Sultan and bure aucracy which was about finance started to work because economical problem was reduced minimum with # new precoution. The most important work was "Temettuat Notebooks" Real aim was been to o btain, everbody.s gain;so;all persan will give tax for their job. Familiy r epre sentative,s job,year.gain,paymented tax and whoose lond ad animal was been in temettuat. Notebooks 22-Temerruat Notebooks were made in 1260-1261 (1844-1845) in Karamürsel vilage ; depended on İzmit. Tehere were in province of Bolu. One notebook was in Ginca vilage. On other notebook was concerned for form and other 16 notebook were contented about Müslim,s settlement areas. Unfor tunately other 4. notebooks weren,t found;Loss notebooks concerned some villagesi. One was Kuğlacık villages and one was tepe village's; but weren't been any ideas about 2 notebooks. All information and Works were prepared with known 18 notebooks. Large areas were been olive trees and fruit garden in village of Karamürsel from blown notebooks. Farmer's were raised of from produce; hawewer repional climate wasn't so good. Stock- breeding wasn't devollopped because pasture and areas not enough for animals; however large areas were surrounded whit trees in Karamürsel. An other livelihood source was sailor gain. People were, been fisherman, captain or sailor. Known notebooks gave some information for us. Paymented tax was been different for people take was been direct rate of family representative's job. If family representative hadn't got any work, job, land, animal; who never gave tax. However relipion man and no muslim relipion man weren't paid of tax. The biggest tax was concerned of Ginca village. It was no muslim village and it was in Karamürsel.
Açıklama
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yakınçağ Tarihi Ana Bilim Dalı
Anahtar Kelimeler
Tarih, History
