Türklerde ilk spor kulupleri (M.Ö. 318 ve M.S. 1930 yılları arasında)
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2004
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Niğde Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Türkler, tarih sahnesine çıkmasıyla birlikte beden kültürü ve sporla yakından ilgilenmiş bir millettir. Bu gün dünya milletlerinin dilinde dolaşan "Türk gibi kuvvetli" deyimi bizim spora verdiğimiz önem ve başarıyı yeterince açıklamaktadır. Türklerin ilk yurdu olan Orta Asya farklı coğrafi özellik taşımaktadır. Dağlan, ormanları ve arasındaki vadileri, gölleri ve akar suları hem çeşitli hemde zorluk çıkaran bir yaşam sunmuştur. İşte bu coğrafî şart/ara uyum sağlamak ve en iyi şekilde doğadan faydalanmak için atalarımız sporu önce sosyal bir ihtiyaç olarak yapmışlardır. M.Ö. 7000 yıllarından sonra yerleşik hayat başlanmış, spor ilk önce mabetlerde, özel günlerde bir gösteri aracı olarak görülmüş, sonraki tarihlerde ise savaşa hazırlık aracı olarak yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Herkes bilir ki Türk denilince akla Alplık, cengaverlik, askerlik ve fetih gelir. Spor Türkün gücünü, çevikliğini ve bedensel yeteneklerini gösteren milli kültür varlıklarımızın en önemlilerindendir. Beden eğitimi kültürüne verilen yüksek önem atalarımızı bozkırların hakimi yapmıştır. Hunlardan başlayarak Göktürkler, Uygurlar, Harzemşahlar, Samanoğullan Selçuklular, Osmanlı ve adını saymadığımız diğer Türk devletlerinde; binicilik, avcılık, atıcılık, okçuluk, güreş, kılıç, kayak(çana), yaya koşulan, atlama, ağırlık kaldırma ve lâbut atma, gürz ve topuz kullanma, boks (pijula), cirit, çöğen(polo), gökbörü, teptik (futbol), tomak, matrak, gibi daha adım saymadığımız bir çok spor ilk defa yapılmış ve geliştirilerek branşlaştınlmıştır. Beden eğitimi ve spor Türklerde, hayaüarının her aşamasına nüfuz etmiş, örf adet ve geleneklerine karışarak bütünleşmiş, göçler ve akınlar vasıtasıyla diğer ülke ve milletlere taşınmıştır. Atalarımız beden eğitimi ve sporla uğraşırken bu konuda teşkilatlanma ihmal edilmemiştir. Bilgi ve becerilerini gelecek kuşaklara aktarmak, çocukları, gençleri ve kadınları eğitmek, bir arada bulunarak yardımlaşmak amacıyla ordu içinde ve dışında çeşitli spor teşkilatlan kurmuşlardır. İlk teşkilatlanma Hunlarda ordu içinde olmuştur. Hunlar atlı oymaklardan kurulu, ses çıkaran ok yapacak kadar okçuluğun uzmanı olan bir kavimdir. Bunların at renklerine göre ordu düzenleri vardı. Doğuda kır, güneyde doru, kuzeyde yağız,II batıda ak, atlı askerleri yer alırdı. Sivil olarak bilinen ilk spor teşkilatı ise Alplerin M.Ö. VI. Yüzyılda kurdukları Pi-Yung teşkilatıdır. Spor başlangıçtan beri Türklerin, kitabelerine, hikayelerine, destanlarına, resimlerine, Türk ve Türklükle ilgili birçok yazılı eserlere, hatta sağlıkla ilgili kaynaklara dahi konu edilmiş kültür mirasımızdır. Spor, eğitimde ihmal edilmemiş eski Türklerde mabet/erde din adamları tarafından eğitim verilmiştir. İslamiyet'ten sonra ise Selçuklular ve Osmanlılar zamanında medreselere, tekkelere, Enderun mektebine, Birun'a, ordu teşkilatlarına çeşitli vakıf kuruluşlarına ve ahilik teşkilatlarına sokularak eğitimin konusu olmuş, teşkilatlanmış ve uygulamalar için talimhaneler, alanlar bizzat devlet tarafından yaptırılarak, halka yayılmıştır. Osmanlılarda padişahlar, şehzadeler, paşalar ve sarayın ileri gelenleri sporu bizzat yapmış ve yaptırmışlardır. Şehzadeler sporu iyi bilen devrin üstatlarından (antrenör) derslerle eğitilerek zamanın en iyi sporcuları olarak tahta geçmişlerdir. Padişahların hemen hepsi devleti güçlü kılacak sihrin sporda olduğuna inanmışlar, teşvik amacıyla saraya sporcular alınarak korunmuş, bireysel olarak en az yapılan su sporları için bile lonca teşkilatlan kurulmuştur. Ordunun bir çok sporu yapması zorunlu kılınmıştır. Sporun geliştirilmesi, alanların yapımı ve korunması hususunda fermanlar yayınlanıp, kanunlarla düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Devrin ünlü bilim adamı ve antrenörlerine kitaplar yazdırılmış ve yabancı kaynaktan çeviriler yaptırılmıştır. Sporla uğraşmak isteyen küçük yaştaki çocuklara bizzat antrenör eşliğinde eğitim verilmiştir. Kural ve kaideleri konularak hakemlik müessesesi işletilmiştir. İhtiyaç olan koşucuların saraya alımlarında uygulamalı olarak seçme sınavı yapılmıştır. Her türlü memurluktaki yükselmeler kanunla olurken sporda başarılı olanlar hiçbir şey gözetilmeden arımda en yüksek mevkilere getirilmiştir. Tanzimat fermanıyla birlikte Osmanlılarda bu günkü anlamda kulüpleşme başlamış, 1900lerden sonra birlik çalışmaları yapılmış 1922 yılında T.İ.C.Î' nin kurulmasıyla sporda ve kulüpleşmede nihayete erişilmiştir. Beden eğitimi ve sporun çok çeşitli olması, ülkemizde ve dünyada bu kadar yayılıp ilgi görmesi bizim insanlanmızm, atalarımızın eseridir.
Turks have always been interested in sports throughout history. The phrase Strong like Türk "proves that we have given importanee to sports. The Middle Asia which was the first motherland of Turks has a different geographical characteristics. Mountains, valleys, forests, lakes, and rivers have been difficult to live for people. Our ancestors had struggled to live there and to exploit much from the nature. After 7000 A.D., lurks had started to settle down and given up being nomad. Sports first had been done in temples on special days to commemorate some events then it had been done as preparation for battles. It is known by everybody that Turks means courage, military, conquer. Sports describes Turks' physical ability, power and swiftness. Importance given to physical education and activity made Turks ruler of continents during history. Turkish tribes and states, such as Ottomans, Gokturks, Huns. Samanoguls, Seljucks ete, had done and developed a lot of sports first such as skiing, wrestling, sword, running race, huntingjereed, weight-lifting, horseriding, chogen, gokboru, football, matraketc. Physical education and activity have become part of Turks' life and and have done at every step of life, it affected tradition and customs of Turks. By migration, it had conveyed to other tribes and nations. While they had dealt with sports they became organized.They established a lot of instutions to develop sports and to train the youth and the women within the army and the outside of the army. First organizations for sports took place in Huns.They were specialist in making perfect arrows. They had very good army orders according to the colors of the horses. The grey horses were in the east, white ones are in the west,red ones were in the north, ete. The first organization established by civilians was Pi- Yung organization by Alps. Sports have been our heritage which we can see in our legends, paintings, stories, inscription and in ali works. Sport training had never been ignored and done also by our religious men. After Turks converted into islam, Seljucks and Ottomans gave a lot of importance to sports in medresesin armies, in Biruns, in foundations and they built buildings for sports exercises for students, soldiers and ordinary people.IV The Sultans, princes, top officials, generals(pashas) had done sports and encouraged people to do it. The princes had been trained by the best trainers of his time and become best sportmen of their times. The sultans believed that the things that empower state were sports so they protected sportsmen and encouraged them by accepting them to the palaces. The sultans urged and forced the army to do sports. They established organizations for ali kind of sports even for water sports. They passed laws and commands for sports. A lot of scientists wrote books about sports and some translated books about sports from foreign languages. Training was given to small children who wanted to do and to learn them by trainers. Rules and regulations had been developed for sports and referees had been educated. Competitions had been organized for accepting runners to the palaces. The ones who had been successful in sports had been promoted to top posts immediately whereas the others had to wait laws. After Tanzimat Command, establishing clubs had been started in Ottomans, in 1922 T.I.C.I which was the last step was founded. Physical training and sports are various and have been loved by ali the world. That is because of our ancestors.
Turks have always been interested in sports throughout history. The phrase Strong like Türk "proves that we have given importanee to sports. The Middle Asia which was the first motherland of Turks has a different geographical characteristics. Mountains, valleys, forests, lakes, and rivers have been difficult to live for people. Our ancestors had struggled to live there and to exploit much from the nature. After 7000 A.D., lurks had started to settle down and given up being nomad. Sports first had been done in temples on special days to commemorate some events then it had been done as preparation for battles. It is known by everybody that Turks means courage, military, conquer. Sports describes Turks' physical ability, power and swiftness. Importance given to physical education and activity made Turks ruler of continents during history. Turkish tribes and states, such as Ottomans, Gokturks, Huns. Samanoguls, Seljucks ete, had done and developed a lot of sports first such as skiing, wrestling, sword, running race, huntingjereed, weight-lifting, horseriding, chogen, gokboru, football, matraketc. Physical education and activity have become part of Turks' life and and have done at every step of life, it affected tradition and customs of Turks. By migration, it had conveyed to other tribes and nations. While they had dealt with sports they became organized.They established a lot of instutions to develop sports and to train the youth and the women within the army and the outside of the army. First organizations for sports took place in Huns.They were specialist in making perfect arrows. They had very good army orders according to the colors of the horses. The grey horses were in the east, white ones are in the west,red ones were in the north, ete. The first organization established by civilians was Pi- Yung organization by Alps. Sports have been our heritage which we can see in our legends, paintings, stories, inscription and in ali works. Sport training had never been ignored and done also by our religious men. After Turks converted into islam, Seljucks and Ottomans gave a lot of importance to sports in medresesin armies, in Biruns, in foundations and they built buildings for sports exercises for students, soldiers and ordinary people.IV The Sultans, princes, top officials, generals(pashas) had done sports and encouraged people to do it. The princes had been trained by the best trainers of his time and become best sportmen of their times. The sultans believed that the things that empower state were sports so they protected sportsmen and encouraged them by accepting them to the palaces. The sultans urged and forced the army to do sports. They established organizations for ali kind of sports even for water sports. They passed laws and commands for sports. A lot of scientists wrote books about sports and some translated books about sports from foreign languages. Training was given to small children who wanted to do and to learn them by trainers. Rules and regulations had been developed for sports and referees had been educated. Competitions had been organized for accepting runners to the palaces. The ones who had been successful in sports had been promoted to top posts immediately whereas the others had to wait laws. After Tanzimat Command, establishing clubs had been started in Ottomans, in 1922 T.I.C.I which was the last step was founded. Physical training and sports are various and have been loved by ali the world. That is because of our ancestors.
Açıklama
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Ana Bilim Dalı
Anahtar Kelimeler
Spor, Sports