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Öğe BRICS-T Ülkelerinde Politik İstikrar ve Ekonomik Performans İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz(2018) Alper, Ali ErenBu çalışmada gelişmekte olan ülkelerde politik istikrarın ekonomik büyüme üzerine olan etkisi 1996-2016 arası döneme ait yıllık veri seti kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Panel veri analiz yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmada, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde politik istikrarın ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre politik istikrardaki %1’lik artış ekonomik büyümeyi %1.27 arttırmaktadır. Ayrıca modelin tahmin bulgularına göre ekonomik büyümenin, işsizlik oranı, enflasyon oranı ve hükümet harcamaları ile negatif; dışa açıklık ile pozitif ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir.Öğe Budget Deficit Sustainability of Selected Developed and Developing Countries During Covid-19 Pandemic(Springer Nature, 2022) Alper, Findik Ozlem; Alper, Ali Eren; Ozayturk, GurcemThe sustainability of budget deficits is one of the determining factors regarding the sustainability of economic policies. Nevertheless, the Covid-19 pandemic, which has been effective all over the world since the first days of the year 2020, caused a rise in the public expenditures of countries, whereas a decline in public revenues, and hence, budget deficits. Based on the intertemporal budget constraint approach, this study aims to investigate the sustainability of the budget deficit in the G-7 countries as well as the selected developing countries, including Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and Turkey, during the periods before and after the Covid-19 pandemic, employing the (Quintos, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 13:409–417, 1995) methodology. In the study, where the Fourier KPSS unit root and Fourier ADL cointegration tests, which take into account both smooth and sharp structural breaks, are performed, the existence of a cointegrated relationship is examined in all countries included in the analysis, and the long-term coefficients are determined by employing the FMOLS and DOLS estimation methods. The estimation results indicate that budget deficits sustainability is in strong form merely in Germany, Japan, Russia, and Turkey throughout both periods. It is determined that the budget deficits, which were in a strong sustainable form for Italy during the pre-Covid-19 period, have transformed into a weak sustainable form throughout the pandemic period. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.Öğe Does population aging affect income inequality?(IGI Global, 2021) Özaytürk, Gürçem; Alper, Ali Eren; Alper, Findik ÖzlemThis study analyzes the relationship between the elderly dependency ratio and income inequality over the period 1972-2019 in countries such as the USA, Japan, the UK, France, Germany, Canada, and Italy, which rank top in the population aging, using the Fourier-Shin cointegration test. According to the results, the rise in the elderly dependency ratio of all countries included in the analysis, except for France, has a positive impact on income inequality. The result implying that the rise in the elderly dependency ratio increases the income inequality and renders some policy recommendations possible. Accordingly, the provision of adequate childcare programs and family aids can result in greater labor force participation in the short- and long-run. In addition, a pension system can be developed to lower the elderly dependency ratio, more money can be saved for the retirement period, and working domains can be developed for the post-retirement period. © 2021, IGI Global.Öğe Dynamics of technological unemployment, leadership, and entrepreneurship during the industry 4.0 revolution(Apple Academic Press, 2023) Alper, Ali Eren; Alper, Findik Özlem; Ozayturk, GurcemThroughout the process from the First Industrial Revolution that began with the invention of the steam engine to Industry 4.0, each of the industrial revolutions has led to a technological and economic paradigm shift. The First Industrial Revolution, which included water and steam power for mechanization and began in the 18th century, was followed by the Second Industrial Revolution, which used electrical power for mass production, and the Third Industrial Revolution was experienced in the 1970s along with the introduction of electronics and information technologies. By the dawn of the 21st century, the Industry 4.0 revolution, which can be described as multidimensional, has come into existence covering various modern automation systems and digital software domains. New technological developments that have been accelerated by Industry 4.0, which first emerged in Hannover, Germany in 2011, have caused changes both at the micro-level (productivity in production, cost advantage, profitability, etc.) and at the macro-level (growth, employment, education, investment environment, human resources, entrepreneurship, etc.). The most important discussion of the Industry 4.0 revolution, in which leaders with innovative ideas and entrepreneurial characteristics were quite influential on its occurrence, involves the extent to which it will affect working life and unemployment. There are various views on this issue that can be classified as optimistic and pessimistic. The optimistic view asserts that a highly qualified labor force can persist in working life through human-machine interaction, whereas the pessimistic approach argues that with the inclusion of machines in production, the need for labor force will decline, and thus, unemployment will increase. As a result, while each new technology causes unemployment by adversely affecting certain sectors and business lines, the culture of entrepreneurship and the changing perception of leadership contribute to the emergence of new business lines and new job opportunities. In this study, the development and characteristics of industrial revolutions in the historical process are examined and some detections are made by discussing the impacts of Industry 4.0 in working life within the framework of unemployment, leadership, and entrepreneurship culture. © 2023 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Examination of the Stationarity of Ecological Footprint and its Sub-Components in the OECD Countries(Sosyoekonomi Soc, 2020) Alper, Ali Eren; Alper, Findik OzlemThe basic aim of this study is to test the stationarity of the ecological footprint and its subcomponents with the Fourier KPSS unit root test, which takes both smooth and sharp structural breaks into consideration, in 12 selected OECD member countries over the period between 1961-2016. The analysis results detected that carbon emission and total ecological footprint variables for the USA; forest products footprint variable for Germany; forest products and total ecological footprint variables for Australia; fishery areas and forest products footprint variables for Austria; carbon emission, forest products and total ecological footprint variables for France; fishery areas and forest products footprint variables for the Netherlands; forest products and cropland footprint variables for England; cropland footprint variable for Italy; cropland and total ecological footprint variables for Japan; total ecological footprint variables for Canada and fishery areas and forest products footprints for Turkey are stationary at levels.Öğe Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler için İşsizlik Histerisinin İncelenmesi: Fourier ADF Test Bulguları(2020) Mike, Faruk; Alper, Ali ErenBu çalışma işsizlik oranlarının zaman serisi özelliklerini doğal oran hipotezi ve histeri hipoteziayrımı ile incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan 52ülke için Enders ve Lee (2012) tarafından geliştirilen Fourier ADF birim kök testi uygulanmıştır.Elde edilen bulgular söz konusu ülkelerin tamamı için birim kök boş hipotezininreddedilemediğini ve dolayısıyla bütün ülkeler için işsizlik histerisi hipotezinin geçerli olduğunuortaya koymaktadır. Ampirik bulgular, son yıllarda özellikle gelişmiş ülkelerde başlayan ve dahasonra gelişmekte olan ülkelere yayılan küresel ekonomik krizlerin, temel makroekonomikgöstergelerden birisi olan işsizlik oranları üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini doğrular niteliktedir.Öğe INDUSTRY 4.0 REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON LABOR MARKETS(2020) Alper, Ali Eren; Alper, F. ÖzlemAll the Industrial Revolutions in the historical process affected the labor markets and changed the qualificationssought in human capital. However, the possible impacts of the new mode of production, which was put forwardin Germany in 2011 and named as the Industrial 4.0 Revolution, especially in the labor markets would be muchlarger than previous industrial revolutions. This study aims to determine the impacts of the Industry 4.0Revolution on labor markets on a theoretical basis. The main finding of the study is that the Industrial 4.0Revolution would lead to major changes in the qualifications required for employment. As a result of the rapidchange in the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, robotics technologies, and algorithms; the futureworkforce would have to be individuals with multidisciplinary education. These changes would affect not onlyunqualified employees but also skilled employees such as designers, engineers, and lawyers.Öğe Investigation of the Destination Resilience of Turkey: New Insights from Convergence Hypothesis(Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2024) Alper, Findik Ozlem; Arya, Vikas; Alper, Ali ErenThis study focuses on the context of diversified challenges Turkey's tourism industry faces. This study aims to test the validity of the convergence hypothesis from the perspective of destination flexibility by separating the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods in Turkey's 15 top tourist-producing countries. The data collected from the period 2001:1 to 2019:12 for pre-pandemic period and 2022:1 to 2023:8 for the post-pandemic period are tested by performing Hepsag's stationarity test state that the convergence hypothesis is valid in 14 of the 15 major tourism markets for the pre-pandemic period (the Russian Federation, Germany, Bulgaria, England, Iran, Iraq, Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Poland, France, Greece, Romania, Israel and Saudi Arabia). However, for the post-pandemic period, it was determined that the convergence hypothesis was valid only for Iraq, Poland, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Examining the convergence features of tourism markets provides valuable information for decision-makers of Turkey's tourism policies for economic balance in the growing cities.Öğe Investigation of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for the MINT countries: the ecological footprint approach(Inderscience Publishers, 2022) Alper, Ali Eren; Alper, F. ÖzlemAccording to the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, as the per capita income of a country increases at the initial phases of economic development, the level of pollution also rises. However, once a certain threshold value is exceeded, the growth in per capita income reduces economic pollution. The EKC hypothesis claims the presence of an inverted U-shaped association between growth in income and environmental pollution. This study aims to ascertain the validity of the EKC hypothesis using ecological footprint and environmental pollution variables for MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey) countries. According to the results obtained from the ARDL bounds test performed by following the Narayan and Narayan (2010) methodology, the EKC hypothesis is found valid for Mexico, Nigeria, and Turkey, since the short-term elasticities of the growth in per capita income exceeds the long-term elasticities in the countries. © 2022 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.Öğe Kırılgan Ekonomilerde Finansal Gelişme Düzeyinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi(2021) Mike, Faruk; Alper, Ali ErenBu çalışma, Morgan Stanley tarafından yapılan ülke sınıflandırmasından hareketle, kırılganekonomiler grubuna dahil olan beş ülke için finansal gelişme düzeyinin ekonomik büyümeüzerindeki etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. 1980-2017 dönemleri için yıllık gözlemlerin dahiledildiği çalışmada, Shin eşbütünleşme, Fourier Shin eşbütünleşme ve Toda-Yamamoto nedensellikanalizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Fourier Shin eşbütünleşme testinden elde edilen bulgular Endonezyadışında yer alan dört ülke (Brezilya, Güney Afrika, Hindistan ve Türkiye) için ekonomik büyüme ilefinansal gelişme, sabit sermaye stoku ve insani gelişme endeksi değişkenleri arasında uzun dönemlibir ilişkinin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Diğer taraftan Shin eşbütünleşme testi ise Brezilya,Endonezya ve Güney Afrika için eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin varlığına işaret etmektedir. Dinamik enküçük kareler tahmincisi, Brezilya dışında yer alan ülkelerin tamamı (Endonezya, Hindistan, GüneyAfrika ve Türkiye) için finansal gelişmenin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif ve istatistiksel olarakanlamlı katsayılara sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte Toda-Yamamotonedensellik analizi ile sadece Endonezya ve Güney Afrika ülkeleri için finansal gelişme düzeyindenekonomik büyümeye doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilenbulgular temel olarak finansal gelişme düzeyinin kırılgan ekonomilerin sürdürülebilir büyümesüreçlerinde oldukça önemli bir parametre olduğuna işaret etmektedir.Öğe Non-stationarity(Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2023) Alper, Ali ErenThis comprehensive Dictionary brings together an extensive range of definitive terms in ecological economics. Assembling contributions from distinguished scholars, it provides an intellectual map to this evolving subject ranging from the practical to the philosophical. © Brent M. Haddad and Barry D. Solomon 2023.Öğe Revisiting Purchasing Power Parity in OECD Countries: New Evidence from Nonlinear Unit Root Test with Structural Breaks(Sosyoekonomi Soc, 2023) Ugur, Mehmet Sedat; Alper, Ali ErenThis study aims to investigate the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis for 38 OECD member countries over the period 1994:M1-2021:M9 by performing Hepsag's (2021) unit root test. It fills the gap in the literature since it is one of the first studies conducted performing a unit root test that considers structural change and nonlinearity for all OECD countries. The study, in which conventional unit root tests such as the ADF, KPSS, and the Fourier KPSS, which allow merely structural change, yield conflicting results regarding the validity of the PPP hypothesis, determines that the PPP hypothesis is valid for countries with stationary real effective exchange rates at the level such as Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, and the USA according to Hepsag's (2021) unit root test results.Öğe SEÇİLMİŞ AVRUPA ÜLKELERİ İÇİN FAİZ HİSTERİSİNİN TEST EDİLMESİ: DOĞRUSAL OLMAYAN BİRİM KÖK TESTİ BULGULARI(2022) Özaytürk, Gürçem; Alper, Ali ErenBu çalışma Türkiye, Almanya, İspanya, Fransa, İtalya, Hollanda, Macaristan, Belçika, Polonya ve Çek Cumhuriyeti olmak üzere seçilmiş 10 Avrupa ülkesindeki reel faiz oranının durağanlığını 2002:1-2020:12 arası aylık gözlemler doğrultusunda incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sollis (2009) tarafından geliştirilen ve doğrusal olmayan birim kök testlerinden biri olan asimetrik üstel yumuşak geçiş eşik otoregresif model (AESTAR) birim kök testi ile serilerin durağanlıkları test edilmiş ve sonuçlara göre Belçika dışındaki ülkelerde uzun dönem reel faiz oranı serilerinin birim köklü olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Stationarity(Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2023) Alper, Ali ErenThis comprehensive Dictionary brings together an extensive range of definitive terms in ecological economics. Assembling contributions from distinguished scholars, it provides an intellectual map to this evolving subject ranging from the practical to the philosophical. © Brent M. Haddad and Barry D. Solomon 2023.Öğe Stochastic convergence of ecological footprint: new insights from a unit root test based on smooth transitions and nonlinear adjustment(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Alper, Ali Eren; Alper, Findik Ozlem; Cil, Almila Burgac; Iscan, Erhan; Eren, Ahmet ArifThe ecological footprint has currently become a highly popular environmental performance indicator. It provides the basis for setting goals, identifying options for action, and tracking progress toward stated goals. Because the examination of the existence of convergence is important for the climate change protection of the earth, the convergence of ecological footprint and its subcomponents are a major concern for scholars and policymakers. To this end, this study aims to investigate the stochastic convergence of ecological footprint and its subcomponents. We employ the recently developed Hepsag (2021) unit root test that allows nonlinearity and smooth structural change simultaneously to study stochastic convergence in per-capita ecological footprint over the period 1961-2018 for the most polluting countries. The results provide mixed evidence of the presence of stochastic convergence in conventional unit root tests such as ADF, KPSS and Fourier KPSS. According to the Hepsag (2021) unit root test results for all countries, built-up land footprint converges except Australia, Malaysia, Poland, and Turkey. Carbon footprint converges for Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, the UK, and the USA. Cropland footprint converges for Australia, Canada, China, France, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, South Africa, the UK, and Vietnam. Fishing grounds footprint converges in Brazil, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, and Vietnam. Forest product footprint converges in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Korea, Mexico, Poland, Turkey, and Vietnam. Grazing land footprint converges in Canada, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, and Vietnam. And lastly, the total ecological footprint converges in Canada, France, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, South Africa, the UK, and the USA.Öğe Testing the long-run impact of economic growth, energy consumption, and globalization on ecological footprint: new evidence from Fourier bootstrap ARDL and Fourier bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto test results(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Alper, Ali Eren; Alper, Findik Ozlem; Ozayturk, Gurcem; Mike, FarukThe aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of economic growth, energy consumption, and the economic globalization process on ecological footprints in the top 10 countries that cause the highest carbon dioxide emissions in the world. The analyses were conducted on annual observations from 1970 to 2017 (a different range for each country) employing the Fourier bootstrap ARDL cointegration method developed by Yilanci et al. (2020) and the Fourier bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto causality method developed by Nazlioglu et al. (2016). In the cointegration approach, an additional F-test provides better insights to define degenerate cases and the bootstrap test performance is powerful than the asymptotic test. In this context, Fourier bootstrap ARDL test results revealed that there is a long-term relationship between ecological footprint and economic growth, energy consumption, and economic globalization in seven countries-namely, Canada, China, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. According to long-run coefficients, in general, economic growth and energy consumption have negative effects on ecological footprint, whereas economic globalization has a positive effect on the ecological footprint for these countries. To evaluate it more specifically, (i) real gross domestic product per capita has positive and statistically significant coefficients on the ecological footprint in China, India, Indonesia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, except for Germany. (ii) Energy consumption per capita also has positive and statistically significant coefficients on the ecological footprint in China, Germany, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, except for Indonesia. (iii) Finally, the economic globalization process has negative and statistically significant coefficients on the ecological footprint in Canada, China, India, and Saudi Arabia, except for Indonesia. On the other hand, Fourier bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto causality test results show a mixed character. Governments should take action to reduce the negative effects of the climate crisis as immediate as possible, which has been widely expressed recently. Among these, increasing the use of renewable energy sources and new carbon-free technologies in the production process appears as important policy tools.Öğe The relationship between Central bank independence, financial independence and economic growth in Turkey(Peter Lang AG, 2019) Alper, F. Özlem; Alper, Ali Eren[No abstract available]Öğe The Relationship of Economic Growth With Consumption, Investment, Unemployment Rates, Saving Rates and Portfolio Investments In The Developing Countries(2018) Alper, Ali ErenThe Keynesian macroeconomic model implies that household expenditures, investments, and savings have significant impacts on economic growth by affecting total expenditures. Therefore, policymakers should determine and apply appropriate policies to maintain these variables. For this purpose, the relationship of economic growth with consumption, investment, unemployment, portfolio investments and saving rates in the Brazil, Russia, India, South Africa and Turkey are analyzed with the panel data method using annual data for the period 2005-2016. Saving rates appear to have the most impact on economic growth in accordance with the estimation results of Prais-Winsten Panel Correlated Standard Errors and Feasible Generalized Least Squares which take cross-section dependence into consideration. A 1% increase in saving rates increases economic growth by 0.50%. An increase of 1% in consumption expenditures increases economic growth by 0.41%. While an increase of 1% in investment expenditures increases economic growth by 0.25%, the increase in portfolio investments is insignificant, eventhough its impact on economic growth is positive. An increase in unemployment rates negatively affects economic growth in compliance with the theory.Öğe Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru ve Dış Ticaret İlişkisi: Fourier Bootstrap Toda Yamamoto Nedensellik Testi Bulguları(2023) Alper, Ali ErenTürkiye sabit kur rejimini uyguladığı 1923-2001 yılları arasında, ilk olarak 7 Eylül 1946 tarihinden başlayarak dış ticaret dengesini sağlamak amacıyla birçok devalüasyon yapmış ancak hiçbir kur müdahalesi beklenen olumlu sonuçları vermemiştir. Türkiye 2001 yılından sonra uygulamaya koyduğu yapısal dönüşümlerden birisi olarak dalgalı kur sistemine geçiş yapmıştır ve bu tarihten sonra piyasa arz ve talep koşullarına göre belirlenen döviz kurunun dış ticaret dengesi üzerine etkileri başlıca araştırma konularından birisi olmuştur. Bu çalışmada 2013:01 – 2022:12 dönemi aylık verileri kullanılarak Türkiye’de reel efektif döviz kuru ile dış ticaret arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi yapısal değişimi dikkate alan Fourier Bootstrap Toda Yamamoto nedensellik testi ile araştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre Türkiye’de reel efektif döviz kuru ile ithalat ve ihracat arasında nedensellik tespit edilememiştir. Çalışma sonucunda Türkiye’de döviz kurunu etkileyerek, dış ticaret dengesini yönlendirmeye çalışan politikaların başarılı olamayacağı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sebeple dış ticaret dengesini iyileştirmeye odaklanan politikaların üretilen mal ve hizmetlerin niteliksel özelliklerine odaklanmasının daha doğru olacağı düşünülmektedir.
