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Öğe Adaptability of small brown planthopper to four rice cultivars using life table and population projection method(Nature Portfolio, 2017) Zheng, Xiao-Min; Tao, Yun-Li; Chi, Hsin; Wan, Fang-Hao; Chu, DongIn this study, we evaluated the adaptability of the small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) to four rice cultivars including Shengdao13 (SD13), Shengdao14 (SD14), Shengdao15 (SD15), and Zixiangnuo (ZXN) using the age-stage, two-sex life table with a simplified method for recording egg production (i.e., every five days vs. daily). The intrinsic rate of increase (r) of the SBPH was the highest (0.1067 d(-1)) on cultivar SD15, which was similar to the rate on SD14 (0.1029 d(-1)), but was significantly higher than that occurring on ZXN (0.0897 d(-1)) and SD13 (0.0802 d(-1)). The differences of the finite rate of increase (lambda) on the four rice cultivars were consistent with the r values. Population projection predicted an explosive population growth of the SBPH occurring in a relatively short time when reared on SD14 and SD15. These findings demonstrated that the SBPH can successfully survive on the four rice cultivars, although there were varying host adaptabilities.Öğe Advances in theory, data analysis, and application of the age-stage, two-sex life table for demographic research, biological control, and pest management(E Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 2023) Chi, Hsin; Kavousi, Aurang; Gharekhani, Gholamhossein; Atlihan, Remzi; Ozgokce, Mehmet Salih; Guncan, Ali; Gokce, AyhanThis paper reviews and introduces innovative research pertaining to the age-stage, two-sex life table. The main topics discussed are: (1) Analysis of data involving group-reared life table studies. We address the rationale behind the data analysis used when constructing a group-reared life table. Proper analysis of grouped-reared life table data enables the collection of realistic and applicable data for ecological studies, devising efficient mass-rearing programs and formulating pest management routines using time-and labor-saving group-rearing methods. (2) The bootstrap-match technique. This novel technique is applicable to those instances when constructing a complete life table involves collecting the immature independently from the adult data. (3) Application of the set theory in life table research. This procedure enables a mathematical description of the population structure and bootstrap samples. (4) Application of the multinomial theorem. Using the multinomial theorem enables calculation of the exact probability of bootstrap samples. (5) Inclusion of infertile bootstrap samples. Because it is impossible to calculate the intrinsic rates of increase for infertile samples, they are normally omitted in life table analysis. Inclusion of these infertile bootstrap samples produces an unbiased life table analysis. (6) The Cartesian product. The Cartesian product of two sets produces the complete coverage of all possible differences. We compared the paired bootstrap test, the Cartesian paired test based on bootstrap results, and the Cartesian paired test based on the multinomial theorem. (7) Integration of life table data with predation data. This procedure, which is especially relevant to biological control programs, enables a comprehensive study of the predator-prey relationship. (8) Computer simulation based on life tables. Population projection based on the age-stage, two-sex life table not only provides the means to predict the dynamics of stage structures of a given pest population, but also provides an insight into the dynamics of predation capacity of the predator population. (9) Problems in life table research. Each of the subjects discussed is crucial for the theoretical advancement and practical applications of scientific demographic research.Öğe Age-Stage, two-sex life table: an introduction to theory, data analysis, and application(E Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 2020) Chi, Hsin; You, Minsheng; Atlihan, Remzi; Smith, Cecil L.; Kavousi, Aurang; Ozgokce, Mehmet Salih; Guncan, AliThe life table is a type of research tool that is frequently used in many studies involving population and community ecology. They are the basis for many comprehensive studies in pest management, pesticide resistance, predator-prey relationships, biological control, mass-rearing and harvesting of insects, plant resistance, etc. Because the morphology, physiology, survival, fecundity, and predation/consumption rate of most arthropods will vary significantly depending on their developmental stage and sex, precise description of stage differentiation and inclusion of both sexes are critical for attaining realistic and accurate life table analyses and correctly evaluating the overall fitness of populations. Since traditional female age-specific life tables ignore the male individuals in a population and are incapable of describing the unique and important feature of stage differentiation (i.e., metamorphosis) that is a defining characteristic of insects and mites, their application to data analysis involving these groups will inevitably result in miscalculations and limit the practical application of these life tables. On the other hand, the age-stage, two-sex life table (hereafter referred to as the two-sex life table whenever appropriate), can precisely delineate stage differentiation and includes both sexes in data analysis, description, and interpretation, and in practical applications. In this review, the problems of female age-specific life tables are examined, followed by a discussion of the advantages of using the two-sex life table. Finally, applications of the two-sex life table in various types of entomological research are discussed and accompanied by examples.Öğe Demographic Analysis of Sex Ratio on Population Growth of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) With Discussion of Control Efficacy Using Male Annihilation(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2016) Huang, Kevin Yu-Bing; Atlihan, Remzi; Gokce, Ayhan; Huang, Joyce Yu-Bing; Chi, HsinThe life table data for the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), at different adult sex ratios (1 female: 1 female, 1 female: 50 male, 50 female: 1 female free-choice mating, and 50 female: 1 male no-choice mating) were collected to determine the effects of sex-ratio manipulation on current pest control procedures. At 1 female: 1 male, females mated, on average, 2.3 times during their lifetime with a mean fecundity (F) of 1,122 eggs. The net reproductive rate (R-0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (lambda), and mean generation time (T) were 561.0 offspring, 0.1693 d(-1), 1.1844 d(-1), and 37.4 d, respectively. At 50 female: 1 male free-choice mating, males mated 46.7 times during their lifetime, while at 50 female: 1 male no-choice mating, males mated on average 50 times during their lifetime, and all females mating only once in both treatments. The values for F, r, and lambda were significantly lower for both 50 female: 1 male treatments than those in the 1 female: 1 male group; the R-0 values, however, were either equal to or even higher than those in the 1?: 1? treatment. In the male-biased sex ratio (1 female: 50 male), fecundity was the highest (1,610 eggs) and female average life span the longest (166 d), while the R-0 was the lowest (31.6 offspring) among all treatments. Population projections showed that even at a sex ratio of 50 female: 1 male, B. dorsalis could still produce a large number of offspring. These findings demonstrate that management strategies for controlling B. dorsalis could be properly evaluated by using demographic methods. Because female annihilation appears to be a more effective control strategy, it should be considered as a viable alternative.Öğe Demographic Comparison of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Reared on Three Cultivars of Solanum melongena L. and a Wild Hostplant Solanum nigrum L.(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2017) Wang, Zai-Ling; Li, Chuan-Ren; Yuan, Jiang-Jiang; Li, Shi-Xiang; Wang, Xiang-Ping; Chi, HsinHenosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) is a widespread pest found on many solanaceous vegetables. The development and fecundity of H. vigintioctopunctata were studied on three cultivars ('Zihong', 'Eyou', and 'Baijiao') of eggplant, Solanum melongena L., using the two-sex life table theory. These results were then compared with similar parameters from a wild alternate host, Solanum nigrum. Our results showed that there were no significant differences between the developmental times of the larval stages, pupae, oviposition period, adult longevity, and the fecundity of H. vigintioctopunctata reared on the three eggplant cultivars. The survival rates of H. vigintioctopunctata larvae reared on the three eggplant cultivars were higher than that on S. nigrum. The fecundity of H. vigintioctopunctata adults reared on S. nigrum (724.12 eggs), however, was significantly higher than on each of the three eggplant cultivars. The values for the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (lambda), and net reproductive rate (R-0) for H. vigintioctopunctata when reared on S. nigrum were 0.1225 d(-1),1.1303 d(-1), and 299.6 offspring, respectively. Each of these was significantly higher than comparable values when reared on the cultivar Eyou and Baijiao but were not different from those reared on the Zihong. Our results indicated that H. vigintioctopunctata is well adapted to all tested host plant cultivars and that S. nigrum is an important alternate wild hostplant that may potentially contribute to future outbreaks of H. vigintioctopunctata if not taken into consideration when planning an integrated control strategy against the pest.Öğe Effects of elevated CO2 on the fitness and potential population damage of Helicoverpa armigera based on two-sex life table(Nature Portfolio, 2017) Liu, Jinping; Huang, Wenkun; Chi, Hsin; Wang, Chonghui; Hua, Hongxia; Wu, GangWe evaluated the direct effects of three different atmospheric CO2 concentrations (380 ppm, 550 ppm and 750 ppm) on the population parameters of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera fed an artificial diet. The life history and fitness of H. armigera were analyzed using an age-stage, two-sex life table. Our results showed significantly longer larval durations and lower female pupal weight under elevated CO2 than under ambient CO2. Additionally, the fecundity of H. armigera was lower under elevated CO2 than under ambient CO2. H. armigera reared under elevated CO2 conditions showed lower intrinsic and finite rates of increase but higher net consumption and finite consumption rates than H. armigera reared under ambient CO2 conditions. According to population projections, a much smaller total population size and reduced consumption capacities would be expected in an elevated CO2 atmosphere due to higher mortality and lower growth rate compared with ambient CO2 levels. These results indicate that the fitness of and potential damage caused by H. armigera would be affected by increased CO2 relative to ambient CO2 concentrations. Additional studies on the long-term direct and indirect effects of elevated CO2 levels on H. armigera are still needed.Öğe Fast Population Growth in Physogastry Reproduction of Luciaphorus perniciosus (Acari: Pygmephoridae) at Different Temperatures(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2017) Bussaman, Prapassorn; Sa-uth, Chirayu; Chandrapatya, Angsumarn; Atlihan, Remzi; Gokce, Ayhan; Saska, Pavel; Chi, HsinLuciaphorus perniciosus Rack is one of the most serious pests of several cultivated mushroom species including Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.), Flammulina velutipes Karst., Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Saac., Lentinus polychrous Lev., and Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer in Thailand. Adult female Lu. perniciosus produce offspring inside their physogastric hysterosomas, with all embryos developing through to the adult stage while remaining in the abdomen. Once the abdomen ruptures, the female parent dies and the offspring consisting of mostly fertilized female adults along with a few male adults continue to emerge from the cadaver of the mother for a period of several days. This peculiar type of reproduction after the death of the mother is a special case for life table analysis and has not been discussed previously in demographic analyses. In this study, the life table data of this mite fed on Le. squarrosulus were collected at 25, 30, and 35 degrees C and analyzed by using the agestage, two-sex life table. The standard errors of population parameters were estimated by using the bootstrap technique (200,000 bootstraps). At 25, 30, and 35 degrees C, females started reproduction at ages 9, 5, and 3 d, respectively; the net reproductive rates (R-0) were 192.27, 253.81, and 234.11 offspring. Due to their rapid development and high fecundity, the r values were as high as 0.4189, 0.8653, and 1.0892 d (1) at 25, 30, and 35 degrees C, respectively. Computer projection indicated that the mushroom mites Lu. perniciosus is capable of a threefold daily increase at 35 degrees C.Öğe Genetically Engineered Ricin Suppresses Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) based on Demographic Analysis of Group-Reared Life Table(OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2016) Chang, Cheng; Huang, Chun-Yen; Dai, Shu-Mei; Atlihan, Remzi; Chi, HsinThe oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), reduces the quantity and quality of many host fruits through the process of oviposition and larval feeding, and this insect has been considered a major insect pest in several Asian countries for decades. Using an earlier-developed, female-specific system that combines the toxicity of the ricin A chain (RTA) and the alternative RNA splicing property of doublesex (Bddsx), we show that transgenic male flies harboring the RTA-Bddsx transgene unevenly repress the pest population through inheritable effects. In age-stage, two-sex life-table analyses, high larval mortality and a delay in pupation were observed after introducing the transgene. The high male to female ratio in DsRed(+) flies demonstrates the lethal effect of ricin on females. The fitness of both the DsRed(+)- and DsRed(-)-transformed females was reduced as shown in the decrease of the net reproductive rate (R-0), intrinsic rate (r), and finite rate (lambda) values compared with the wild-type populations. The integrity of the RTA-Bddsx transgene remained in more than 80% of DsRed(+) males after ten generations, supporting the stable inheritance of the transgene. All of the data from this study support the proposed RTA-Bddsx SIT approach, which provides a species-specific and environmentally friendly method of suppressing, rather than eradiating, B. dorsalis.Öğe Group-rearing did not affect the life table and predation rate of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) fed on Tetranychus urticae(Systematic & Applied Acarology Soc London, Natural History Museum, 2017) Saemi, Sahar; Rahmani, Hasan; Kavousi, Aurang; Chi, HsinTo better understand the effect of individual- and group-rearing conditions on predator performance, we studied the life table and predation rate of the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, after the mites had been individually- or group-reared on two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, eggs at 25 +/- 1 degrees C, 65 +/- 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (L:D) h. The net reproductive rate (R-0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), net predation rate (C-0), finite predation rate (.) in the individually- reared predators were 40.61 offspring, 0.2594 d(-1), 437.3 T. urticae eggs, and 4.8668 preys/d, respectively. Similar values were obtained when the predators were reared in groups (R-0 = 43.10 offspring, r = 0.2837 d(-1), C-0 = 420.9 T. urticae eggs, and. = 5.9054 preys/d). Mean adult longevities were 28.42 and 25.29 d for group-reared male and female predators, respectively; these values were significantly shorter than those of individual-reared mites (49.87 d for male and 36 d for female). Our results showed that P. persimilis mites could be group-reared in biological control programs without negative effect on their growth and predation potential.Öğe Population characteristics of Macrocheles glaber (Acari: Macrochelidae) and Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) reared on a mushroom fly Coboldia fuscipes (Diptera: Scatopsidae)(Wiley, 2019) Wen, Mei-Fang; Chi, Hsin; Lian, Ying-Xiao; Zheng, Yu-Hao; Fan, Qing-Hai; You, Min-ShengSubterranean predatory mites are important biological control agents of pests in soil. In order to understand the population characteristics of two predatory mites, Macrocheles glaber Muller and Stratiolaelaps scimitus Womersley, we studied their development, survival and fecundity data under laboratory conditions using Coboldia fuscipes Meigen as a food source and analyzed them with the age-stage, two-sex life table. Macrocheles glaber had a significantly shorter developmental time, oviposition period, longevity and lower fecundity than those of S. scimitus. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (lambda), net reproductive rate (R-0), net predation rate (C-0), and finite predation rate (omega) of M. glaber were significantly lower than those of S. scimitus. Both population parameters and computer simulation implied that S. scimitus is a potential powerful biocontrol agent compared to M. glaber.Öğe Population Growth of Dysaphis pyri (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Different Pear Cultivars With Discussion on Curve Fitting in Life Table Studies(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2017) Atlihan, Remzi; Kasap, Ismail; Ozgokce, M. Salih; Polat-Akkopru, Evin; Chi, HsinPopulation growth parameters of the Dysaphis pyri Boyer de Fonscolombe) Hemiptera: Aphididae) were evaluated on four different cultivars Coscia, Ankara, Williams, and Santa-Maria) of pear Pyrus communis L.) under field conditions in the Van region of Turkey. Aphids were kept on leaves of 10-yr-old pear trees in Plexiglas clipcells 20mm in diameter and 10mm in height, with the upper side covered with muslin). For the description of the stage differentiation during population growth, we analyzed raw data of developmental time, survival, and fecundity using the age-stage, two-sex life table to take the variable developmental rate among individuals into account. Results indicated that the Coscia and Ankara cultivars are less favorable hosts for D. pyri because of the longer preadult developmental time, higher preadult mortality rate, and lower total fecundity on these cultivars. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), the net reproduction rate (R-0), and the finite rate of increase (lambda) values were lower on the Coscia and Ankara cultivars. We discussed the application of the Weibull function, polynomial model, and Enkegaard model in life table studies. Because these models are often inaccurate in describing survival and reproduction parameters, we suggest that their application in life table research should be reevaluated.Öğe Temperature-dependent demography of two closely related predatory mites Neoseiulus womersleyi and N. longispinosus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)(Oxford University Press, 2017) Sugawara, Reo; Ullah, Mohammad Shaef; Ho, Chyi-Chen; Gökçe, Ayhan; Chi, Hsin; Gotoh, TetsuoTemperature has significant effects on the development, survival, and reproduction of ectothermic organisms. In this study, we examined the effect of temperature on the demographic characteristics of two predatory mite species, Neosciulus womersleyi (Schicha) and N. longispinosus (Evans), reared on Tetranychus urticae Koch. The developmental and reproductive traits of both species were examined at 10 constant temperatures between 15 C and 37.5 C. The preadult development time of N. womersleyi and N. longispinosus decreased with increasing temperature until 32.5 C and 35 C, respectively. The lower developmental threshold (T0) and thermal constant (K) estimated by using a linear model were 11.61 C and 69.36 DD for N. womersleyi and 11.92 C and 61.5 DD for N. longispinosus, respectively. Total preoviposition period and total longevity of females and males of N. womersleyi and N. longispinosus decreased with increasing temperature. The mean generation time (T) first decreased with temperature until 32.5 and 35 C for N. womersleyi and N. longispinosus, respectively, and then increased at higher temperatures. The R0 and r values first increased with temperature until 32.5 and 30 C for N. womersleyi and N. longispinosus, respectively, and then decreased at higher temperatures. The R0 and r values for N. longispinosus at 37.5 C were 0.3 offspring and 0.143 d1, respectively. These results show that N. longispinosus is less fit than N. womersleyi at 37.5 C. © The Authors 2017.Öğe The Insecticide Resistance Allele kdr-his has a Fitness Cost in the Absence of Insecticide Exposure(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2018) Chi, Hsin; You, Minsheng; Atlihan, Remzi; Kavousi, Aurang; Ozgokce, Mehmet Salih; Tuan, Shu-Jen; Gokce, Ayhan[Abstract Not Available]
