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Öğe A guide to theory and practice of drinking water: PURE-H2O approaches(Yildiz Technical University, 2019) Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Ciner, FehimanThe quality of drinking water that is essential for life is a powerful environmental determinant of health. Engineering works in all fields have been constructed to distribute water from places of abundance to places in need. All water sources contain suspended and particulate inorganic/organic substances that must be dispelled during water treatment process to yield pure water that is fit for drinking and any other usage. Treatment procedures should be chosen in order to improve water stability. Many treatment processes (sometimes called unit processes and unit operations) are linked together to form a treatment plant in order to produce water of the desired quality. Unit operations, which are physical and chemical (aeration, adsorption, membrane processes, ion exchange, coagulation and flocculation, chemical oxidation and water softening) and mechanical (sedimentation and filtration) should be taken into consideration for producing clean drinking water. Choosing the suitable treatment process is a critical step in the procurement of safe, reliable, high quality drinking water at a cost-effective price for green/sustainable engineering. As a main part of the EU Project titled as "Implementation of ECVET for Qualification Design in Drinking Water Treatment Plants and Sanitation for Pure Drinkable Water-PUREH2O" that includes environmental planning, training in the field of drinking water, sustainable development, sound practices not only in the field of drinking water but also affiliated treatment facilities, this study focuses on selection of the water source, unit operations for drinking water and choosing water treatment processes. © 2019 Yildiz Technical University. All rights reserved.Öğe A reuse study from Nigde, Turkey: the conversion of industrial ash to geopolymer(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2016) Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Bilgil, Ahmet; Demir, Merve; Yilmaz, Mehmet Lider; Polat, Serkan; Ozen, Erol; Dordu, HalilCoal is used to generate power for industrial operations. Two types of industrial ashes, including fly and bottom ash, which are solid residues arising from coal burning, are dumped to the landfill of Nide from a selected large-scale international firm named as Goknur A.S in Nide, Turkey with no care for reuse. Geopolymer production was chosen from different alternatives of productive reuse of these waste materials. The properties of the geopolymers are dependent on source materials. Therefore, the first part included elemental analysis of ashes, sieve analysis of them, compacted bulk density analysis of them, and reaction affinity of them. The chemical composition of industrial ash used in this study contained Si and Al accompanied by Ca and Fe. This character has important implications on the potential for productive reuse and reaction potential of these waste materials. The second part of the research is planned to include ashes analysis for calculation of efficiency of combustible matter, experiment of obtaining samples from ashes in different thermal processes, activation of ashes with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, activation of ashes with Portland cements, pressure and resistance evaluations for geopolymer samples, water absorption experiment to them, and porosity experiment for them. Considering pressure and resistance, water absorption and porosity experiments, by only a few studies in the literature, higher-strengthened geopolymer is produced at temperatures of 100 and 150 degrees C.Öğe ADAPTATION OF PORT WASTE RECEPTION FACILITIES TO BALLAST WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM: TURKISH PORT PERSPECTIVE(PARLAR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS (P S P), 2014) Satir, Tanzer; Dogan-Saglamtimur, NeslihanThe introduction of invasive marine species into a new environment by ballast water attached to ship hulls has been identified as one of the four greatest threats to the world's oceans. Ballast water is water carried by ships to ensure stability, trim, and structural integrity. Shipping transports over 80% of the world's commodities, and each year transfers approximately 3 to 5 billion tons of ballast water internationally, which is, absolutely essential to the safe and efficient operation of modern shipping, providing balance and stability to unladen ships. However, it may also pose a serious ecological threat to the marine environment. The transferred species including bacteria, microbes, small invertebrates, eggs, cysts and larvae of various species may survive to establish a reproductive population in the host environment, becoming invasive, out-competing native species, and multiplying into pest proportions. Ballast water treatment is a technology for the treatment of ship ballast water from aquatic invasive species. Port waste reception facility should be modified to include ship ballast water treatment during this transitional phase until 2017. It provides onshore facilities in ports or terminals to transfer ballast water for cleaning or storage. This paper describes ballast water management, in general, and gives perspectives for the Turkish ports, and briefly suggests that the waste reception facilities must be modified for ballast water treatment.Öğe Circular Economy for Water(Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2020) Ciner, Fehiman; Dogan-Saglamtimur, NeslihanOne of the most ubiquitous problems affecting people throughout the world is insufficient access to clean water that is essential for meeting basic needs of all living things. Global economy and population make water a limited resource. Additionally, the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic is causing severe stress to society, with direct implications for public health and public water services. Reclaimed water reuse is currently applied in many countries. However, the proportion of water reuse in total wastewater generation is still inadequate. Circular economy concept could generate remarkable synergies for the wide adoption of water reuse as an alternative for water supply. From a circular economy viewpoint, water reuse is a win-win option. This study addresses circular economy for water and its principles, opportunities and applications to water system management.Öğe DETERMINATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION IN NIGDE PROVINCE (TURKEY): PRELIMINARY RESULTS(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Kalin, Mahmut Ali; Dogan-Saglamtimur, NeslihanThe electromagnetic (EM) pollution can lead to performance degradation in electronic devices or systerns. EM pollution has.been categorized as a new form of environmental pollution. In this preliminary study, so as to detect EM pollution emitted from some important base stations in Nigde province, measurements carried out with mobile equipment -Spectran RF&EMF Hand Held Spectrum Analyser Set (Pro 3) with a frequency range of 1 Hz to 9.4 GHz-were made in three main categories including changes of electrical field, magnetic field and EM power. Measurements were performed near the base stations that are located in three certain areas including the Nigde Castle, Yukari Kayab4t and the Fire Department areas. It was found that (a) magnetic field (A/m) differed, being high in outdoor areas and low in indoor areas, with a difference of 10 to 100 times, (b) lower electromagnetic field values were detected in coordinates at higher points from two coordinates located in the same distance from the base station but in a different height, (c) electromagnetic field was reduced by increasing the distance. The results fall into the limit of international Uncontrolled Response in Public Living Space to GSM900 and DCS1800 Systems and Turkish Uncontrolled Response standards.Öğe Eco-Friendly Fired Brick Produced from Industrial Ash and Natural Clay: A Study of Waste Reuse(Mdpi, 2021) Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Bilgil, Ahmet; Szechynska-Hebda, Magdalena; Parzych, Slawomir; Hebda, MarekBottom ash (BA) is an industrial solid waste formed by the burning of coal. The environmental problems and storage costs caused by this waste increase with every passing day. In this study, the use of BA as an additive (clay substitute) in fired brick production was investigated. The study consisted of two stages. In the first stage, cylinder blocks were produced from clay used in brick production. The second stage was the examination of the experimental substitution of clay with 10, 20, 30 and 40% BA. Samples were fired at 900, 1000, 1100 and 1150 degrees C to produce fired brick samples. The unit weight, compressive strength (before and after freeze-thawing) and water absorption were analyzed for the samples. The unit weight values decreased in the samples containing BA. The mechanical properties met the conditions prescribed in the relevant standards; i.e., all of the samples fired at 1100 and 1150 degrees C had a sufficient compressive strength over 20 MPa. The high potential of fired bricks for the construction industry was proved. BA can be used as a clay substitute, while the developed protocol can be used to effectively produce fired bricks.Öğe Eco-Geopolymers: Physico-Mechanical Features, Radiation Absorption Properties, and Mathematical Model(Mdpi, 2022) Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Bilgil, Ahmet; Erturk, Sefa; Bozkurt, Vakkas; Suzgec, Elif; Akan, Arife Gozde; Nas, PervinWaste ashes and radiation are hazardous environmental and health factors; thus, a lot of attention is paid to their reduction. We present eco-geopolymer building materials (GPBMs) based on the class F fly ashes (FFAs) from thermal power plants (TPPs) and their implementation as a barrier against radioactive radiation. Different methods of production, ratios of FFA to alkali activator, and temperatures of curing were tested. Small spherical particles and higher content of SiO2 resulted in developed surface area and higher reactivity of Isken TPP FFA than Catalagzi TPP FFA. Lower activator concentration (10% vs. 20%) and curing temperature (70 vs. 100 degrees C) caused an increase in GPBM compressive strength; the highest value was measured as 93.3 MPa. The highest RA was measured for GPBMs, provided alkali activator ratio (Na2SiO3/NaOH) was >2 and its concentration was 20%. The mathematical model developed in this study proved FFA quantity, and thus GPBM mechanical properties, as key factors influencing RA. In the light of these results, the lightweight GPBMs can be excellent materials for the construction sector dedicated to immobilization, storage, and disposal for radionuclides or barriers against radiation; however, multiple steps of their production require careful optimization.Öğe EFFECT EFFECT OF FLY ASH CONTRIBUTION TO THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENTED PUMICE-BASED LIGHTWEIGHT WALL MATERIAL(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Bilgil, Ahmet; Yildirim, Gamze; Bay, Tugce; Doguc, Unal; Erkekli, KubraIn this study, using CEM I and CEM II type cements in different mixing ratios, pumice-based lightweight wall material with the contribution of fly ash (FA) was produced so as to evaluate the likely use of this waste material in the construction sector. Physical and mechanical properties were determined in the samples. This study consists of two stages. In the first stage, pumice in 0-4 mm size was used as coarse aggregate. The average axial compressive strength (ACS) values of samples obtained by using only pumice were 9.2 and 11.7 MPa for Bims Concrete 40 (BC40) and BC80 in CEM I, 5.05 and 10.6 MPa for BC40 and BC80 in CEM II, respectively. In the second stage, FAs were added (25, 50, 75 and 100% in weight) as fine aggregates. The ACS values of samples obtained by using FA additive in different ratios ranged from 4.15 to 5.2 MPa for BC40 in CEM I, 3.0 to 3.45 MPa for BC40 in CEM II, respectively, on the other hand, they ranged from 7.4 to 8.7 MPa for BC80 in CEM I, and 4.9 to 6.8 MPa for BC80 in CEM II, respectively. Turkish and European (TS-EN) standards were used to do experiments and interpret the results.Öğe Geopolymer's radiation absorption detected by Geiger-Muller counter(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2019) Suzgec, Elif; Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Bozkurt, Vakkas; Erturk, SefaFly ash (FA), which is an industrial solid waste released by the burning of coal in thermal power plants, is responsible for causing environmental problems. Radiation is also an environmental problem besides causing health problems for human being. Geopolymer is a specialized building material resulting from the reaction of a source material, which is rich in silica and alumina, with alkaline solution. It is ordinary Portland cement (OPC) free building material. It has been reported that geopolymer building material has good engineering properties with a reduced carbon footprint resulting from the total replacement of OPC as greener alternative. In this study, it is aimed to measure radiation absorption of geopolymers produced from the reaction of FA, which was supplied from Isken Sugozu Thermal Power Plant (Adana, Turkey) and rich in silica and alumina in total content of 83.74, with alkaline activators (sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate) at curing temperatures (70 degrees C and 100 degrees C). In the study, lattice measurement system consisting of nested lead plates to avoid unwanted radiation was designed to determine radiation absorption of geopolymers. By using this new system, geopolymer was found to be 5% better radiation absorption capacity than OPC building material when it is compared.Öğe Let's Print an Ecology in 3D (and 4D)(Mdpi, 2024) Szechynska-Hebda, Magdalena; Hebda, Marek; Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Lin, Wei-TingThe concept of ecology, historically rooted in the economy of nature, currently needs to evolve to encompass the intricate web of interactions among humans and various organisms in the environment, which are influenced by anthropogenic forces. In this review, the definition of ecology has been adapted to address the dynamic interplay of energy, resources, and information shaping both natural and artificial ecosystems. Previously, 3D (and 4D) printing technologies have been presented as potential tools within this ecological framework, promising a new economy for nature. However, despite the considerable scientific discourse surrounding both ecology and 3D printing, there remains a significant gap in research exploring the interplay between these directions. Therefore, a holistic review of incorporating ecological principles into 3D printing practices is presented, emphasizing environmental sustainability, resource efficiency, and innovation. Furthermore, the 'unecological' aspects of 3D printing, disadvantages related to legal aspects, intellectual property, and legislation, as well as societal impacts, are underlined. These presented ideas collectively suggest a roadmap for future research and practice. This review calls for a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted impacts of 3D printing and the development of responsible practices aligned with ecological goals.Öğe Metals (Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn) Bioaccumulation in Sediment, Fish, and Human Scalp Hair: A Case Study from the City of Mersin Along the Southern Coast of Turkey(HUMANA PRESS INC, 2010) Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Kumbur, HalilThis study investigates mercury, lead, copper, and zinc concentrations in six most frequently consumed fish species (120 samples), sediments (20 samples) taken from Karaduvar Fishing Area where fish species live, and Mersin Port as a contrary region, and human scalp hair for people regularly consuming these fish species (50 samples) and non-fish-eaters (15 samples) in Mersin, Turkey. On taking living environment into account, the fish groups include pelagic species of Liza saliens, Liza aurata, and demersal species of Merluccius merluccius, Mullus barbatus, Upeneus moluccensis, and Solea solea. Total Hg (THg) was found to accumulate in muscle tissues at the lowest concentration (0.01 A mu g/g) in L. saliens and at the highest (2.66 A mu g/g) in S. solea. Pb was only detected at high concentrations of 1.86 A mu g/g in M. barbatus and of 2.16 A mu g/g in M. merluccius. Cu and Zn concentrations were below the detection limit within all fish species. In the sediment samples, Pb and Cu concentrations were persistently below their effect range-median (ERM) value, whereas this limiting value only maintained for 15% of THg concentrations. On the other hand, the effect range-low (ERL) of sediment exceeded at Pb in 15% of samples and Cu in 25% of samples. Zn remained below the detection limit for sediment samples. The metal concentrations at scalp hairs of regular consumers of these fish groups and non-fish eaters vary from the range 0.40-3.28 to 0.14-1.02 A mu g/g for THg, 11.16-107.84 to 8.00-22.38 A mu g/g for Pb, and 151.67-645.35 to 144.92-343.50 A mu g/g for Zn. An important finding of the present study is the significant adverse impact of sedimentary heavy metal bioaccumulation to human through the consumption of demersal fishes in the city of Mersin along the southern coast of Turkey.Öğe Performance evaluation of the Martas Port Waste Reception Facility Treatment Plant (Tekirdag, Turkey)(DESALINATION PUBL, 2013) Subasi, Emre; Dogan-Saglamtimur, NeslihanThe establishment of adequate waste reception facilities is a necessary step to reduce and eliminate ship-generated pollution. This study aims to evaluate the performance efficiency of the Martas Port Waste Reception Facility (WRF) Treatment Plant as well as to determine whether the quality of effluent complied with the discharge standards/criteria to the seawater, the receiving environment. This plant is one of the predecessors among the mid-scale and multifunctional WRFs in Turkey. Samplings both in the influent and in the effluent of the WRF were analyzed monthly between September 2009 and April 2010 for pH, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), oil and grease, total phosphorus (TP), metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn), and total petroleum hydrocarbons, considering the pollution parameters stated in the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation (TWPCR). On an average, the removal efficiency of the treatment plant was found to be 98% for total petroleum hydrocarbons, 86% for TSS, 80% for BOD, 79% for oil and grease, and 75% for COD. The effluents of the WRF exceeded the discharge standards of the receiving environment that were stated in the TWPCR standards for TP and the German and the European Commission Directive 91/271/EEC standards for COD and TP. On the other hand, the Cr concentrations of the effluents exceeded only the British standards.Öğe Process Design for a Production of Sustainable Materials from Post-Production Clay(Mdpi, 2021) Lach, Michal; Gado, Reda A.; Marczyk, Joanna; Ziejewska, Celina; Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Mikula, Janusz; Szechynska-Hebda, MagdalenaAlkali activated cement (AAC) can be manufactured from industrial by-products to achieve goals of zero-waste production. We discuss in detail the AAC production process from (waste) post-production clay, which serves as the calcium-rich material. The effect of different parameters on the changes in properties of the final product, including morphology, phase formation, compressive strength, resistance to the high temperature, and long-term curing is presented. The drying and grinding of clay are required, even if both processes are energy-intensive; the reduction of particle size and the increase of specific surface area is crucial. Furthermore, calcination at 750 degrees C ensure approximately 20% higher compressive strength of final AAC in comparison to calcination performed at 700 degrees C. It resulted from the different ratio of phases: Calcite, mullite, quartz, gehlenite, and wollastonite in the final AAC. The type of activators (NaOH, NaOH:KOH mixtures, KOH) affected AAC mechanical properties, significantly. Sodium activators enabled obtaining higher values of strength. However, if KOH is required, the supplementation of initial materials with fly ash or metakaolin could improve the mechanical properties and durability of AAC, even c.a. 28%. The presented results confirm the possibility of recycling post-production clay from the Raciszyn II Jurassic limestone deposit.Öğe Process Development of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Mortars in View of the Mechanical Characteristics(Mdpi, 2021) Oz, Hatice oznur; Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Bilgil, Ahmet; Tamer, Aykut; Gunaydin, KadirThis study aimed to determine the effects of design parameters, including the liquid/solid ratio (L/S), Na2SiO3/NaOH weight ratio, and curing temperature, on class F fly ash-based geopolymer composites. For this purpose, two disparate sources of fly ash were supplied from catalagzi (FA) and Isken Sugozu (FB) Thermal Power Plants in Turkey. Two different L/S ratios of 0.2 and 0.4 were used. The Na2SiO3/NaOH ratios in the alkaline solutions were 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 by weight for each type of geopolymer mixture. Then, 40 different mixes were cured at two specific temperatures (70 degrees C and 100 degrees C) for 24 h and then preserved at room temperature until testing. Thereafter, the physical water absorption properties, apparent porosity, and bulk density were examined at 28 days on the hardened mortars. Additionally, compressive and flexural tests were applied to the geopolymers at 7, 28, and 90 days. It was found that the highest compressive strength was 60.1 MPa for the geopolymer manufactured with an L/S of 0.2 and Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 2. Moreover, the best thermal curing temperature for obtaining optimal strength characteristics was 100 degrees C for the FB.Öğe Production of geopolymer composites by using different alkaline solution/material ratio(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2019) Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Oz, Hatice Oznur; Bilgil, Ahmet; Suzgec, Elif; Vural, TurkanThis study reports an experimental program to optimize mix design parameters of fly ash-based geopolymer engineering composites. Fly ash (FA) supplied from Catalagzi Thermal Power Plant (Zonguldak, Turkey) and Rilem Cembureau Standard Sand were used together with a constant ratio of 0.50 for producing geopolymer. In the first step, two different alkaline solution/material ratio (FA+standard sand) (L/M) were determined as 0.20 and 0.40, respectively. After that, sodium silicate ((Na2SiO3) and 12M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were utilized at a ratio of 1, 2, and 3, respectively. 6 mixtures obtained by using different design parameters were cured at 70 degrees C for 24 hours, respectively, and then they were stored at room temperature until testing age. While the physical properties of the samples were measured by the bulk density and water absorption tests at 28 days, mechanical properties were tested via the compressive and flexural strength tests at 90 days, respectively. The results indicated that the highest compressive strength for geopolymer materials was found as 36.5 MPa in the mixture produced with the ratios of L/M=0.2 and Na2SiO3/NaOH=2 (by weight). However, less alkali reaction caused by using excessive activator solutions decreased the strength characteristics of geopolymer.Öğe Sediment Wastes from Ship Tanks and Waste Management of Shipyards(Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2020) Satir, Tanzer; Dogan-Saglamtimur, NeslihanSediment is the accumulation of sand and dirt that settles at the bottom of lake or the sea. Sediments are not only transported by water, but also the wind and glaciers. Beach sands and river channel deposits are examples of fluvial transport and deposition, though sediment also often settles out of slow-moving or standing water in lakes and oceans. Sediment's accumulation can cause some problems (i.e. cost increase in ship operation, tank corrosion, invasive species' transport) in ballast tanks. Ships should deliver dispose of sediments to shipyards and report in their annual or intermediate survey. The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) was adopted in 2004 by consensus at a Diplomatic Conference organized at International Maritime Organization (IMO) Headquarters in London. And then, many guidelines were evolved to facilitate the implementation of BWM convention. For the control and management of ships' ballast water and sediments, BWM convention was split up into an annex and some articles including technical standards and requirements in the regulations. According to the convention, all shipyards must clean or repair ballast tanks, adequately built and safely operate, collect and dispose of sediments. In this study, authors investigate World and Turkish Shipyards which receive sediments from ships, prepare Sediment Management Plan for these shipyards and report about how many shipyards have completed responsibilities of the BWM convention.Öğe Ship generated marine pollution and waste reception facilities from the World and Turkey: General perspective, management and suggestions(Pamukkale Univ, 2018) Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Subasi, EmreThis study documents the factors causing marine pollution in terms of its main sources and anthropogenic activities, and provides a broad view of marine pollution and ship accidents in the World and in Turkey. It also discusses the rules, contracts and laws in the World and in Turkey for regulations of control, storage, and treatment of oil waste. It further describes the operational rules and controls of the waste reception facilities that are established to prevent marine pollution from ship-generated wastes and explains why these facilities are needed in terms of their capacities and units. It then provides a list of examples of waste reception facilities from the World and Turkey based on their selected samples. Finally, it evaluates selected waste reception facilities operated in Turkey in terms of to what extent they meet the needs and how they are operated, considering installation and operational costs and measures to be taken to improve these facilities.Öğe Spatial and Temporal Variations of Inorganic and Organic Forms of Phosphorus in the Surface and Deep Waters of Erdemli Shelf Zone of Mersin Bay(FOUNDATION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION & RESEARCH-FEPR, 2013) Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Tugrul, SuleymanThe aim of this study was to understand spatial and temporal variations of inorganic and organic forms of phosphorus in the surface and deep waters of Erdemli shelf zone of the Mersin Bay. For this goal, timeseries hydrographical and phosphorus data were obtained monthly at the three selected stations between December 2001 and December 2003. The present results have shown that the concentrations of different fractions of total phosphorus displayed a decreasing trend from nearshore to shelfbreak zone of the bay. Total phosphorus (dissolved+particulate) in the shelf water was dominated by dissolved-P fraction (TDP:56-97%) and dissolved organic-P (DOP) was principally the major constituent of the TDP in the shelf water. Similarly, particulate organic-P (POP) dominates the particulate-P (PP) pool; however, the contribution of particulate inorganic-P (PIP) to PP pool was more pronounced in the nearshore zone fed by riverine inputs.Öğe The overview of mechanical properties of short natural fiber reinforced geopolymer composites(Yildiz Technical University, 2020) Korniejenko, Kinga; ?ach, Micha?; Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Furtos, Gabriel; Miku?a, JanuszIn the EU there is a pressing need for the change of the current economy into a so-called circular economy in recent years. The rational management of natural resources and the use of waste materials are becoming more and more important. It is also supported by the growing ecological awareness of society, including the consciousness of sustainable development. Nowadays, it is the construction industry that has the most significant impact on pollution. Therefore, numerous attempts are made to reduce energy consumption and the amount of waste generated by it. These are the main issues stimulating the research on new innovative materials such as geopolymer composites. They have a significantly lower carbon footprint than traditional construction materials. Moreover, the synthesis of geopolymers requires 2-3 times less energy than traditional Portland cement, not to mention the fact that 4-8 times less CO2 is generated. In addition, the above process has another environmental benefit i.e. the possibility of using anthropogenic raw materials (minerals) such as slags and fly ashes for the production. One of the limitations for the wide use of such materials is their relatively low brittle fracture behaviour. Nowadays, one of the most important research areas is the improvement of their mechanical properties. To improve the mechanical properties it is possible to reinforce the matrix by fibres addition, especially natural fibres that are renewable resources. The main objective of the article is to analyse the mechanical properties of new composites and assessment the possibility to replace traditional building materials within eco-friendly alternatives. © 2020 Yildiz Technical University. All rights reserved.Öğe Waste Classification and Separation Approaches(Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2022) Ulusoy, Kemal; Sekula, Paulina Magdalena; Sternik, Andrzej; Dogan-Saglamtimur, NeslihanWaste is an inseparable point of our lives. It is an elementary byproduct of human functioning. Waste is divided into several groups, including medical, hazardous, municipal, biodegradable, industrial and inert waste. All waste should be handled differently. Both the producer of waste and its owner have many obligations that are imposed on them by appropriate standards and laws in force depending on the country. Waste should be classified and segregated. It should be strived to create a circular economy. Waste segregation and classification have many advantages including lower environmental pollution; improved living conditions for plants, animals, and people, as well as obtaining a better raw material for recycling through segregation. In this study, waste classification and separation systems are investigated. The waste separation methodology considers the origin, basic components, and physical, chemical, and biological properties of wastes. Manual, mechanical and optical systems were used for waste classification. Nowadays, smart waste classification and separation systems are being developed. There are many benefits to using them. These systems are automated - they separate and classify mixed waste. It is a very modern and efficient method that requires less work to function properly than the basic methods of classification and segregation of waste. It is also a much faster, more professional method, and one that prevents incorrect segregation of waste. It can be called a future-oriented way of handling waste and should be gradually introduced into our civilization. Examples of this technology include intelligent litter bins, vending machines for bottles, automated segregation, and sorting. Solving the waste problem is one of the issues that should receive special attention in the future. The constant development of technology related to this topic is a key element in the economy of our World.
