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Öğe A COMPREHENSIVE AND COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF TiO2-CaCO3/WATER HYBRID NANOFLUID: PROPOSING NEW CORRELATION AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK OPTIMIZATION(Begell House Inc, 2021) Ocal, Sultan; Gokcek, Murat; Colak, Andac Batur; Korkanc, MustafaIn this study, the thermal conductivity of TiO2-CaCO3/water hybrid nanofluid, which was prepared with five different concentrations and two-step method, was experimentally investigated. Thermal conductivity measurements were made using the KD2 Pro device at a temperature range from 10 degrees C to 60 degrees C. Using experimental data, a mathematical correlation and an artificial neural network model was developed in order to predict thermal conductivity depending on concentration and temperature. In the feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network with 10 neurons in its hidden layer, the multilayer perceptron model was preferred. While the value of the coefficient of determination R for the proposed new mathematical correlation was 0.9999, it was obtained as 0.99913 for the artificial neural network model. The average error rate was calculated as 0.005% for the mathematical model and -0.02% for the artificial neural network.Öğe An assessment of deterioration in cultural heritage: the unique case of Eflatunpinar Hittite Water Monument in Konya, Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Bozdag, Ali; Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ayla; Hatir, M. Ergun; Tosunlar, M. Bahadir; Korkanc, MustafaStone monuments are important symbols of cultural heritage of countries. However, many environmental factors negatively affect these monuments. The increasing damage on the stone monuments and the danger of irreversible loss of cultural heritage have resulted in growing efforts for the preservation of the monuments. Eflatunpinar Hittite Water Monument in Beysehir, Konya, Turkey, is a unique Hittite cultural monument that has survived for nearly 3200 years even though it has been exposed to many environmental effects. In this study, non-destructive testing (NDT) was used to detect the degradation on the building stones of the Eflatunpinar Hittite Water Monument and change-deterioration maps were prepared subsequently. It was also investigated whether the chemistry of the Eflatunpinar spring water may cause deterioration. Additionally, the petrographic, chemical, and physico-mechanical properties of the rocks taken from the ancient stone quarry were determined in order to compare with the properties of the monument's building stones. Based on the physico-chemical characteristics of the Eflatunpinar spring water and XRD results of crusts in building stone surface of the monument, it was identified that water can be effective on the formation of calcite and gypsum crusts especially in the lower parts of the monument. However, applied NDT methods and change-deterioration maps indicated that the deterioration as well as neglect and abandonment in the monument are mostly associated with the capillary effect of the flowing water through the structure and the deterioration effect is more apparent in contact points between the building stone and the flowing water. Additionally, in the building stones above the capillary front, the conservation condition is significantly better.Öğe Atmospheric and anthropogenic deterioration of the Ivriz rock monument: Eregli-Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Korkanc, Mustafa; Ince, Ismail; Hatir, M. Ergun; Tosunlar, M. BahadirThe aim of this study is to determine the extent of deterioration of the limestone on which the Ivriz rock monument is engraved. This monument is near Aydinkent (Ivriz) village and located 12 km from the Eregli district of Konya. The height of the Ivriz Hittite monument is 4.20 m and its width is 2.40 m. It dates back to the second-half of the eighth century BC. The rocks on which the reliefs are engraved are limestone; the lower parts are brecciated with open cracks, and the upper parts show fewer cracks with smaller gaps. To enable the identification of the characteristics of the rocks on which the figures are located, non-destructive methods were used. Surface humidity, P wave velocity, thermal imaging, and Schmidt hardness measurement were applied to the wall surface of the monument, and mapping studies were conducted. Surface humidity varied between 26 and 58% with the highest values measured in the sections where the cracks are densest. The P wave velocity measured at the rock monument varied between 1.6 and 5.8 km/s, with the lowest values found in the sections where cracks were denser. Schmidt rebound values varied between 18 and 42, with higher values obtained in those sections with fewer effects of deterioration. According to the detailed observations and data obtained from non-destructive techniques (NDT) and laboratory data, the most significant deterioration has resulted from atmospheric conditions and damage by humans. The most common effects of degradation in this area are erosion by water, granular disintegration, cracks, microkarst, black crust, biodegradation (lichen, algae, and higher plants), and vandalism.Öğe Characterization of building stones from the ancient Tyana aqueducts, Central Anatolia, Turkey: implications on the factors of deterioration processes(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2018) Korkanc, MustafaMany archaeological and historical monuments constructed by different civilizations over the last 5500 years can be observed in the Nigde region located in central Anatolia. The Tyana aqueduct as a continuation of the Roman Pool is one such important historical monument. The aqueducts that carried the water of the Roman Pool to the ancient city of Tyana were constructed during the time of the Roman emperors Trajan, Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Half of the total length of the aqueducts (3 km) is on the surface and the rest is buried. The engineering properties of the rocks used in such archaeological and historical buildings are very important in terms of conserving these structures for future generations. In this study, the geomechanical and geotechnical features of the Tyana aqueducts were investigated to understand the rock types, deterioration in the stones over time and problems originating from these features. Also, for restoration purposes, the ancient stone quarry areas for the aqueducts were identified, and the chemical, petrographical and geomechanical properties of fresh travertine blocks from these quarries were determined. The main rock type used as building stones in the aqueducts is Mio-Pliocene travertine. Laboratory studies were performed to determine the mineralogical, petrographic and petrophysical properties of the building stone samples. Fresh and used travertine samples were composed exclusively of calcite crystal. The results of chemical analyses were similar for fresh and used travertine samples. To determine the geomechanical properties of the travertines, dry unit weight, water absorption, effective porosity, P-wave velocity, Bohme abrasion test, capillary water absorption and uniaxial compressive strength experiments were conducted. In addition, Schmidt hammer hardness measurements were performed on site for the different levels and different textural characteristics of the belts on the travertines. According to the experimental data obtained, higher strength was displayed by samples with fine grains, massive texture and low porosity. The deterioration effects in most of the travertines used in the original structure are very low. In addition to human effects, the use of small stone dimensions (especially the stones used in belts as keystones) and the use of stone from the same quarry but with features that differ or are inferior are thought to be factors in the destruction of the Tyana aqueducts.Öğe Deterioration of different stones used in historical buildings within Nigde province, Cappadocia(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2013) Korkanc, MustafaThe Cappadocia region hosts various historical buildings constructed by several civilisations from long in the past until more recently. Some of these are big and significant buildings and their artistic, cultural and aesthetical features are quite attention-grabbing. The stones used in most of these buildings have deteriorated due to various effects. The correct identification of the deterioration mechanisms is of fundamental importance to design retrofitting and restoration procedures. In this study we aimed to determine the engineering properties and deterioration of the stones widely used in the different historical buildings in the Nigde region that forms the southern boundary of Cappadocia. 17 block samples (2 marble, 2 travertine, 6 tuff, 5 ignimbrite and 1 andesite) were taken - in accordance with the obtained permits - from stones that had fallen from the buildings and could not be used again as part of any restoration. With the purpose ofidentifying the deterioration of the building stones due to their geological structure and external effects, chemical and petrographic analyses were conducted along with detailed field observations. To determine the geomechanical properties (dry unit weight, water absorption, effective porosity, P-wave velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, slake durability index, capillary water absorption, Bohme abrasion value and Schmidt hammer rebound value) of the stones comprehensive laboratory research was carried out. The main cause of the deterioration observed in ignimbrites (UK3) and tuffs (AK3) with low strength and high porosity was humidity, especially at the capillary level. Significant deterioration observed on some stone samples was also due to the use of stones that exhibited poorer properties than the rest, although they came from the same quarry. Adding the negative effects of ground and surface water on top of these, severe damage on the stones in the formof flaking, discolouration and loss of strength were observed.Öğe Effects of land use/cover change on heavy metal distribution of soils in wetlands and ecological risk assessment(Elsevier, 2024) Korkanc, Selma Yasar; Korkanc, Mustafa; Amiri, Ahmad FaridThis study aimed to determine the impact of land use/cover changes on the heavy metal content in the Sultan Marshland and surrounding area and assess the pollution status. 54 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from the Rangeland, Farmland, Scrubland, Southern Marshland, Northern Marshland, and Dry Lake areas. The heavy metal contents of the soil samples (Cr, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Cd, Mo, As, and Ni) were determined using ICP-MS and ICP-OES devices. The impact of land use/cover change on soil heavy metal content was evaluated using variance analysis, while differences between groups were identified using the Duncan test. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted to identify potential sources of heavy metals. The contamination status of the soils was evaluated based on land use/cover using the Contamination Factor (Cf), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Ecological Risk Factor (Er), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI). Changes in land use/cover around the Sultan Marshlands affected heavy metal distribution of the soils except for Cd. Among all land use/cover types, Fe concentration was the highest in the soils, while Cd concentration was the lowest. Soils in Southern Marshland exhibited higher average concentrations of Cr, Fe, Zn, Co, Cu, and Ni compared to other land uses/covers. Farmlands and rangelands had higher concentrations of Cd, As and Pb. Land use/cover was ranked based on the total heavy metal load in the following order in terms of average values: Southern Marshland > Scrubland > Farmland > Rangeland > Northern Marshland > Dry Lake. According to Cf, the soils in the Dry Lake were exposed to considerable levels of As contamination. Based on PLI, half of the soil sampling points in the Southern Marshland soils showed a degradation in environmental quality. Er indicated that all land uses moderately polluted with Cd. According to the average PERI, all soils under different land use/ cover types were categorized as having a low ecological risk. It was believed that heavy metals originated from both natural and human activities. To ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem and to mitigate the risk of heavy metal pollution entering the food chain, it is recommended to manage farming and mining activities and land use habits.Öğe Effects of Land-Use Change on the Soil Organic Carbon and Selected Soil Properties in the Sultan Marshes, Turkey(Springer, 2022) Korkanc, Selma Yasar; Korkanc, Mustafa; Mert, Muhammet Huseyin; Gecili, Abdurrahman; Serengil, YusufThis study aims to assess the effects of land-use changes on the carbon storage capacity and some soil properties of The Sultan Marshes, a wetland partially drained and converted to other land uses during the middle of the last century. Undisturbed soil sampling was performed in different land-use types (rangelands, shrubs, marsh, agriculture, and dried lake area) in the wetland area at depths of 0-50 cm, and soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density, and carbon stocks of soils for each land use type were calculated at 10 cm soil depth levels. Furthermore, disturbed soil samples were taken at two soil depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm), and the particle size distribution, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), aggregate stability and dispersion ratio (DR) properties of the soils were analyzed. Data were processed using ANOVA, Duncan's test, and Pearson's correlation analysis. The soil properties affected by the land-use change were SOC, carbon stock, pH, EC, aggregate stability, clay, silt, sand contents, and bulk density. SOC and carbon stocks were high in rangeland, marsh, and shrub land, while low in agriculture and drained lake areas. As the soil depth increased, SOC and carbon stock decreased. The organic carbon content of the soils exhibited positive relationships with aggregate stability, clay, and carbon stock, while it showed a negative correlation with bulk density, pH, and DR. The results showed that s drainage and conversion of the wetland caused a significant decrease in the carbon contents of the soils.Öğe Estimation of engineering properties of selected tuffs by using grain/matrix ratio(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2016) Korkanc, Mustafa; Solak, BurakPetrographic properties of rocks substantially affect their physical and mechanical properties. In the present study, for the purpose of examining the relationship between the petrographic and geomechanical properties of pyroclastic rocks, fresh samples were taken from tuffs of different textural properties that have wide distribution in Cappadocia region. Experimental studies were conducted on 20 fresh samples to determine their engineering properties through petrographic examinations. Dry and saturated unit weights, water absorption by weight, effective porosity, capillary water absorption, slake durability index, P-wave velocity, point load index, uniaxial compressive strength and nail penetration index of the samples were determined. Higher geomechanical values were obtained from the samples of Kayak tuffs affected by hydromechanical alteration and by tuffs with high welded rates. On thin sections prepared with the fresh samples, petrographic studies were carried out by using a point counter with a polarizing microscope, and mineral composition, texture, void ratio, volcanic glass presence and state of these fragments within the rock, secondary mineral formation and opaque mineral presence were determined. Grain/matrix ratio (GMR) was calculated by using the ratios of phenocrysts, microlites, volcanic glass, voids and opaque minerals after point counting on thin sections. A potential relationship between the petrographic and geomechanical properties of fresh samples was tried to determine by counting correlation analysis. Such a relationship can be significantly and extensively suggestible for engineering applications. For this purpose, we used the poorly-welded Kayak and densely-welded Kizilkaya tuff samples in our study. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Evaluation of spatial and temporal water quality in the Akkaya dam watershed (Nigde, Turkey) and management implications(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2017) Korkanc, Selma Yasar; Kayikci, Sedef; Korkanc, MustafaThe aim of this study is to investigate the water pollution in the Akkaya Dam watershed spatially and temporally and put forward management suggestions in a watershed scale. For this purpose, monthly water sampling was performed from 11 sampling stations on streams that fed the dam. According to land surveys they have a potential to inflict pollution to the dam. Thus the physical and chemical parameters (i.e. pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, temperature, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity and suspended solids) were monitored monthly for 1-year period. Chloride, sulfate, total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate were monitored for a 6-month period, and the results were evaluated in accordance with the Turkish Regulation of Surface Water Quality Management. Results of the study show that the most important reasons for the- pollution in the dam are caused by domestic and industrial wastewaters, which were released to the system without being treated, or without being sufficiently treated, and also of agricultural activities. It was determined that electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen, sulfate, and chloride parameters which were high at the sampling stations where domestic and industrial wastewaters discharge were present. pH and temperature demonstrate a difference at a significant level by seasons. As a result of the study, it was determined that the water was of IVth quality in terms of nitrate, chemical oxygen demand, and total nitrogen, and it was of 111rd quality water with respect to ammonium, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. It was observed that the dam outflow water was of IVth quality with respect to nitrate, chemical oxygen demand, and total nitrogen, and of IIIrd quality with respect to dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity. It is considered that the pollution problem in the Akkaya Dam can only be resolved with prevention studies on a watershed scale. Therefore, coordination between the institutions is necessary. The preparation for the integrated water management plan of the watershed will provide a significant contribution to the solution of the water quality problem. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe EVALUATION OF WEATHERING EFFECTS DUE TO SURFACE AND DEEP MOISTURE IN A ROMAN ROCK TOMB: LUKIANOS MONUMENT KONYA (TURKEY)(Univ Agean, Dept Mediterranean Stud, 2020) Ince, Ismail; Korkanc, Mustafa; Hatir, M. ErgunWater is an integral component of direct and indirect decomposition processes that may lead to the deterioration of stone building materials in cultural heritage. Since the deterioration effects caused by water may cause irreversible problems in the whole monument, the detection of water is extremely important. Although there are many methods of moisture measurement (nuclear magnetic resonance, electrical resistance measuring, infrared thermography, radar, moisture meter) in the literature, there is no study in which deep and surface moisture values are evaluated together in monuments. For this purpose, the Lukianos Monument (Beysehir, Konya-Turkey), which was created by carving on the rock surface, was investigated for a better understanding of the causes and development of the deterioration mechanisms of cultural stone heritage using surface moisture (SM) and deep moisture (DM) meters. It was aimed to determine the behavior of surface and subsurface water in the stone material by applying both methods. For this, firstly, deep and surface moisture data were processed on orthophoto obtained from the photographs of the monument. The P-wave velocity (Vp) test was also performed to determine the deterioration effects caused by water, which is mostly present in the form of moisture in structures on the rock. According to the results obtained from the study, contour scaling type deterioration and lower P-wave velocity values were obtained in parts where low DM values were determined in response to high SM values. The development of biological colonizationwas commonly observed in the regions with high moisture (surface and deep) values.Öğe HISTORICAL GRANARIES AT TASKALE (TURKEY) UNDER RISK: A GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS(Univ Agean, Dept Mediterranean Stud, 2018) Korkanc, Mustafa; Ince, Ismail; Hatir, M. Ergun; Tosunlar, M. BahadirGranaries are bioclimatic conservation structures with various forms using in different countries. In the past, granaries have been an important structure in both the storage and conservation of products (such as like wheat, barley, oats). According to the historical documents, the Taskale village includes the studied granaries have been using as a settlement area since the Byzantine period. Recently, rockfalls have observed on the walls of the northeastern parts of these historical granaries. The geological and geotechnical features of the rock units used in these areas were determined to understand such problems. In the field, the rocks with different colours and textural characteristics have taken into account and sampling has carried out from three different levels. Laboratory studies were conducted for determining the mineralogical, chemical, petrographic and geomechanical properties. The granaries in the region carved in the fossiliferous reefal limestones and clayey-sandy limestones. These limestone levels are more sensitive to atmospheric conditions than the overlaying travertine. The aim of the study is to provide geotechnical data to use in the conservation processes of the ancient Taskale granaries.Öğe Impact of the surface roughness of stones used in historical buildings on biodeterioration(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2015) Korkanc, Mustafa; Savran, AhmetRock surfaces are modified in natural outcrops depending on the interaction between the atmosphere and the rock. Biological factors are natural conditions that have persistent adverse effects on historical buildings. Because the effects of these factors are continuous and slow, the measures taken are mostly neglected. Primary biological effects come from plants that grow on buildings, which can cause them harm. In the field of study, there are significant historical buildings located in central Anatolia (Nigde region) that have hosted many civilizations over time. In this study, 6 historical buildings constructed with different stones were chosen to determine which plants grow on these historical buildings and whether they cause harm to these buildings. First, the mineralogical and engineering properties of the stones used in these buildings were determined; then, the studies regarding surface roughness were conducted. It was determined that the types of stones, their locations on the building and the surface roughness of the stone had a great impact on plant growth. It was observed that although the deserted churches were constructed using high strength stones, the herbaceous and woody plants growing in the gaps between the stones located on horizontal or slightly sloped parts of the building with a high level of surface roughness cause substantial harm to the roof coating. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Intelligent detection of deterioration in cultural stone heritage(Elsevier, 2021) Hatir, M. Ergun; Ince, Ismail; Korkanc, MustafaVision-based periodic examination of the deterioration of stone monuments over time is labour and time intensive. Especially, in cases involving large-scale immovable cultural heritage, the workforce is considerably increased, along with the possibility of occurrence of errors. Any misdiagnoses in the deterioration may cause irreversible structural problems in monuments, and thus, it is necessary to develop alternative examination methods. Computer-vision methods represent an effective solution to eliminate both human errors and difficulties in the field. Therefore, this study aims to adopt the Mask R-CNN algorithm, which is a computer-vision method, to detect and map the deteriorations observed in the Gumus, ler archaeological site and monastery (cracks, discontinuities, contour scaling, missing parts, biological colonization, presence of higher plants, de-posits, efflorescence, and loss of fresco). First, 1740 images were collected from the site, and the model was trained by labelling the distortions in these images according to their types. Later, the model was tested on four outdoor and two indoor views. The developed model achieved an average precision ranging between 91.591% and 100%, and the mean average precision was 98.186%. These results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can enable mapping to promptly and automatically detect the deterioration in large monuments.Öğe Leeb Hardness Approach in the Determination of Strength after Accelerated Weathering Tests(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ali; Korkanc, MustafaThis study aimed to investigate the usability of the Leeb hardness test in determining changes in strength as a result of atmospheric weathering in works of cultural heritage built with low-strength pyroclastic rocks. To this end, the effects of weathering processes on strength properties were investigated in two building stones commonly used in Ni & gbreve;de province located in the Cappadocia (Turkey) region, which contains the most important works of cultural heritage created using low-strength pyroclastic rocks. The index, strength, mineralogical, and petrographic properties of rocks were first investigated. Then, freeze-thaw (F-T) and salt crystallization (SC) tests, the weathering processes of which consisted of six periods, were performed on samples prepared in cubic form. After the F-T and SC processes, the macro change in the samples and changes in weight loss, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and Leeb hardness (HL) values were determined. Highly correlated linear relationships were obtained between the SC and F-T cycles of the samples and the UCS and HL values. The HL test was applied to samples for which the UCS test could not be applied due to the loss of sample integrity after the advancing cycles of the accelerated weathering tests. Linear relationships with high correlation were determined between the UCS and HL values obtained from the samples after the accelerated weathering test. This study revealed that the HL approach could be used as an alternative in modeling the strength parameters of the weathering processes of the structures of cultural heritage built using low-strength rocks.Öğe NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST INVESTIGATIONS ON THE DETERIORATION OF ROMAN MAUSOLEUM IN KARADAG CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY(Uk Zhende Publishing Ltd, 2020) Tosunlar, Mehmet Bahadir; Beycan, Arife Deniz Oktac; Korkanc, MustafaThe Binbirkilise region has maintained its existence as an important religious and cultural center from the Hittites to the last period of the Eastern Roman Empire. There are many monuments in the region dating back to these periods. Among the region monuments, a Roman mausoleum draws attention along with its construction system and original form. This mausoleum was recently (2015) completely unearthed in the archaeological excavations carried out by the archaeologists of the Karaman Museum. Since then serious deterioration problems started to occur of atmospheric, biological and human origin. Several non destructive techniques (NDT) were applied and relevant measurements undertaken such as; temperature (ST), surface moisture (SM), Schmidt hammer rebound (SHR), and P-wave velocity (Vp) tests, 3D photogrammetry, thin sections, polarizing microscope, XRF analyses, XRD, mainly used to determine the deterioration conditions of building stones on the surface. The NDM innovative approach contributed to the understanding of the deterioration dynamics. It has been determined that a white crust formation on the parts of the monument unearthed by excavations and this crust formation affects the deterioration process of the building stones.Öğe Structural-geological problems in GumuAYler archeological site and monastery(SPRINGER, 2015) Korkanc, Mustafa; Tugrul, Atiye; Savran, Ahmet; Ozgur, F. ZaferThere are many underground settlings opened in historical times in Cappadocia region and the Gumusler Monastery is one of these. The monastery is a rock monastery church located in approximately 8 km northeast of Nigde. The most important characteristics of the monastery dated in 11th century ac are that it is an important settlement and touristic area that contains the most preserved frescoes in Cappadocia region. For this purpose, were determined the geological features of the observed units in the areas where the monastery is located and the surroundings were determined. Engineering geological problems are mentioned for the negative effects of the discontinuities especially in the monastery part. During field studies, stones with different color and textural characteristics were taken into account and sampling was carried out from four different levels. On representative samples, laboratory studies were conducted for determining the mineralogical, chemical, and petrographic and geomechanical properties. Underground cavities in the region were opened in the lower part of the KA +/- zA +/- lkaya ignimbrite which has relatively more rock fragments. Higher amount of rock fragments in the lower part makes this level easier to cave in. Low welding rate of the rock is believed to be the cause of having relatively low values of engineering properties of the lower levels of examined ignimbrites. Ignimbrites in these levels are more sensitive against atmospheric conditions than those in the upper levels. This study is the first study to determine engineering geology problems in the GumuAYler archeological area and provide data to planned conservation measures.Öğe The deep learning method applied to the detection and mapping of stone deterioration in open-air sanctuaries of the Hittite period in Anatolia(Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2021) Hatir, Ergun; Korkanc, Mustafa; Schachner, Andreas; Ince, IsmailThe detection of deterioration in archeological heritage sites is a very time-consuming task that requires expertise. Furthermore, vision-based approaches can cause errors, considering the complex types of de-terioration that develop in different scales and forms in monuments. This problem can be solved effec-tively owing to computer vision algorithms, commonly used in different areas nowadays. This study aims to develop a model that automatically detects and maps deteriorations (biological colonization, contour scaling, crack, higher plant, impact damage, microkarst, missing part) and restoration interventions using the Mask R-CNN algorithm, which has recently come to the fore with its feature of recognizing small and large-sized objects. To this end, a total of 2460 images of Yazilikaya monuments in the Hattusa archeo-logical site, which is on the UNESCO heritage list, were gathered. In the training phase of the proposed method, it was trained in model 1 to distinguish deposit deterioration commonly observed on the surface of monuments from other anomalies. Other anomalies trained were model 2. In this phase of the models, the average precision values with high accuracy rates ranging from 89.624% to 100% were obtained for the deterioration classes. The developed algorithms were tested on 4 different rock reliefs in Yazilikaya, which were not used in the training phase. In addition, an image of the Eflatunpinar water monument, which is on the UNESCO tentative list, was used to test the model's universality. According to the test results, it was determined that the models could be successfully applied to obtain maps of deterioration and restoration interventions in monuments in different regions. (c) 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Öğe The Determination of Deteriorations on The Misirlioglu Bridge (Konya, Turkey) by Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT)(Selcuk Univ, 2018) Tosunlar, Mehmet Bahadir; Hatir, Mehmet Ergun; Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ali; Korkanc, MustafaTransportation has been one of the basic requirements of humanity since the earliest periods of civilization. One of the architectural structures designed to meet this requirement is historic stone bridges. One of the most important stages in these conservation works is the assessment of materials that constitute the structures. Non-destructive testing techniques (NDT) are widely used to obtain qualitative data and also make comparisons. In this study, it was aimed to determine deteriorations on the Misirlioglu Bridge located in Sille settlement of Konya by NDT technique and to form the map from obtained values to perform conservation works. As a result of the analyses performed, considerable deteriorations in the building stones used in the abutments and arches of the structure were determined. Besides, it is detected that uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) value of the fresh samples is high (UCS: 61 MPa) while UCS values of the building stones used at the bridge decrease in the range of low and high (8-51 MPa) due to the atmospheric effects.Öğe Toxic gas emissions from the Kayseri peat deposit, central Anatolia, Turkey(INDIAN ACAD SCIENCES, 2012) Sener, Mehmet; Korkanc, Mustafa; Sener, M. Furkan; Korkanc, Selma Yasar; Ozgur, F. ZaferToxic gases evolving from the soil in urbanized peatland regions constitute a serious hazard since buildings may be subject to the direct ingress of volatiles into the structures. Peat formed in swamp and rarely exposed to subaerial conditions has been associated with the development of the folded foreland of the Quaternary Kayseri pull-apart basin. The peat deposit is extensively urbanized but so far no studies have evaluated the extent of the ground gas hazard. In this paper, the geology, petrography and chemical variation of the Kayseri peat deposit have been studied in order to predict the public health risk from the land gases' behaviour, especially in soil gases. The main volatile species detected are methane (CH4), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2), all of which are highly toxic. The primary means of gas entry is directly from the ground through the floors, walls, and especially subsurface telephone cable pipes. Indoor vents emit 1000-70,000 ppm CH4, 330-49,000 ppm CO2 and 3.8-6.5 ppm H2S in soil and subsurface pipes; concentrations high enough to present an acute respiratory hazard to persons close to the vents.
