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Öğe Boosting the performance of bolt-microtubular solid oxide fuel cells through surface pattern tuning(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Onbilgin, Sezer; Altan, Tolga; Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Timurkutluk, BoraA number of bolt-microtubular anode supports (BMASs) are manufactured by winding the corresponding thin tapes on threaded rods of different thread pitches and depths, followed by co-lamination using isostatic press. Bolt-microtubular cells (BMCs) are also constructed on BMASs to investigate the effects of the created surface patterns on the cell performance and microstructure. The bolt-microtubular cell, whose anode support is patterned by using a threaded rod with 0.8 mm thread pitch and 0.4 mm thread depth, exhibits similar to 92% higher maximum performance than that of the reference cell at 800 degrees C under 0.3 NL/min hydrogen flow and stagnant air. The almost doubled performance is mainly due to the increase in anode-electrolyte and cathode-electrolyte interfacial areas by the surface patterns created. The cell is also subjected to a 200-h life test at 800 degrees C and 0.7 V and demonstrates a stable performance.Öğe Comparison of electrolyte fabrication techniques on the performance of anode supported solid oxide fuel cells(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Onbilgin, Sezer; Timurkutluk, Bora; Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Celik, SelahattinA comparison of three solid oxide electrolyte fabrication processes, namely dip coating, screen printing and tape casting, for planar anode supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is presented in this study. The effect of sintering temperature (1325-1400 degrees C) is also examined. The anode and cathode layers of the anode-supported cells, on the other hand, are fabricated by tape casting and screen printing, respectively. The quality of the electrolytes is evaluated via performance measurements, impedance analyses and micro structural investigations of the cells. It is found that the density of the electrolyte increases with the sintering temperatures for all fabrication methods studied. The results also show that with the process and fabrication parameters considered in this study, both dip coating and screen printing do not yield a desired dense electrolyte structure as proven by open circuit potentials measured and SEM photos. The cells with tape cast electrolytes, on the other hand, provide the highest performances regardless of the electrolyte sintering and cell operating temperatures. The best peak performance of 0.924 W/cm2 is obtained from the cell with tape cast electrolyte sintered at 1400 degrees C. SEM investigations and measured open circuit potentials reveal that almost fully dense electrolyte layer can be obtained with a tape cast electrolyte particularly sintered at temperatures higher than 1350 degrees C. Impedance analyses indicate that the main reason behind the significantly higher performances is due to not only increased electrolyte density but a decrease in the interface resistance of the anode functional and electrolyte layer is also responsible. This can be explained by theload applied during the lamination step in the fabrication of the tape cast electrolyte, providing better powder compaction and adhesion. (c) 2020 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Design and fabrication of novel interconnectors for solid oxide fuel cells via rubber pad forming(Wiley, 2020) Timurkutluk, Bora; Onbilgin, SezerRubber pad forming is studied numerically and experimentally to fabricate interconnectors for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) from thin Crofer sheets instead of classical thick ones with machined flow channels. In the theoretical program, the effects of the rib angle, rib width and channel depth on the formability are numerically investigated and optimized as 120 degrees, 0.5 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively. In addition, flow simulations are performed to analyze the flow uniformity in the flow-field for the final geometry and homogenous reactant distributions are observed. In the experimental program, the interconnector with numerically optimized geometry is successfully manufactured by rubber pad forming, trimming, piercing and spot welding processes. This interconnector is used to build a two-cell stack. A similar stack is also constructed with a conventional interconnector for comparison. The performances of these stacks are measured at different operating temperatures. According to the simulation and experimental results, rubber pad forming is found to be a highly effective manufacturing route to fabricate SOFC interconnectors from thin Crofer sheets, providing higher specific and volumetric power density values for SOFC stacks compared to those of conventional stacks with interconnectors having machined flow channels.Öğe Design and optimization of functionally graded anode electrode with integrated functional layer for microtubular solid oxide fuel cells(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Altan, Tolga; Onbilgin, Sezer; Timurkutluk, BoraThis study investigates the influence of porosity-graded anode microstructures on the performance of microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Fabricated using tape casting coupled with isostatic pressing, the anode microtubes consist of three layers with varying porosities. The porosity of each layer is regulated by the quantity of pore former added to the corresponding tape casting slurry. Homogeneous microtubular anode supports having different porosities are also fabricated similarly for comparison purposes. Microtubular cells are manufactured on both types of anodes by dip coating other cell layers, and test and characterization studies are carried out. Experimental results reveal that increasing the pore former content in the anode tape casting slurry leads to reduced triple phase boundary (TPB) density, primarily due to increased porosity and pore size, resulting in higher charge transfer resistance and decreased cell performance, despite an associated decrease in the gas transport resistance. However, optimization of the anode microstructure demonstrates that porosity gradients can enhance gas transport and overall cell performance. Additionally, the study explores the impact of anode thickness and the presence of transition layers on cell performance and structural integrity.Öğe Development of ceramic fiber reinforced glass ceramic sealants for microtubular solid oxide fuel cells(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Toruntay, Furkan; Onbilgin, Sezer; Atalmis, Gamze; Timurkutluk, BoraCeramic fibers in various forms with different fiber sizes are tested to improve the sealing performance of glass ceramic seals for micmtubular solid oxide fuel cell applications. In this regard, several sealing pastes are prepared by mixing each ceramic fibers type with glass ceramics at 1.25 wt %. Five layered micmtubular anode supported cells are also fabricated by extrusion and dip coating methods to evaluate the sealing performance of the composite sealants. The pastes are applied between the cells and gas manifolds made of Crofer22 APU. The electrochemical and sealing performances at an operating temperature of 800 degrees C under hydrogen are investigated after the glass forming process. Microstructures of the sealants are also examined by a scanning electron microscope. Experimental investigations reveal that the cells sealed by the pastes with ceramic bulk fiber and ceramic fiber rope gasket show acceptable open circuit potentials close to the theoretical one. These cells can be also pressurized up to around 150 kPa back pressure in the sealing performance tests. On the other hand, the pastes without any filler, with ceramic rope and with ceramic blanket exhibit poor sealing performance due to gas leakage originated from flowing of the main glass ceramic matrix from the joints. Therefore, ceramic bulk fiber and ceramic fiber rope gasket are found to behave as a stopper and can be used to prevent glass ceramics from flowing for microtubular solid oxide fuel cells or similar applications.Öğe Effect of reduced graphene oxide addition on cathode functional layer performance in solid oxide fuel cells(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Zan, Recep; Timurkutluk, Bora; Toruntay, Furkan; Onbilgin, Sezer; Hasret, Onur; Altuntepe, AliSolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating at high temperatures are highly efficient electrochemical devices since they convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly into heat and electrical energy. The electrochemical performance of an SOFC is significantly influenced by the materials and microstructure of the electrodes since the electrochemical reactions in SOFCs take place at three/triple phase boundaries (TPBs) within the electrodes. In this study, graphene in the form of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is added to cathode functional layer (CFL) to improve the cell performance by utilizing the high electrical properties of graphene. Various cells are prepared by varying the rGO content in CFL slurry (1-5 wt %), the number of screen printing (1-3) and the cathode sintering temperature (900-1100 degrees C). The electrochemical behavior of the cells is evaluated by electrochemical performance and impedance tests. It is observed that there is a similar to 26% increase in the peak performance of the cell coated with single layer CFL having 1 wt % graphene and 1050 degrees C sintering temperature, compared to that of the reference cell. (c) 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of pore former type on mechanical and electrochemical performance of anode support microtubes in solid oxide fuel cells(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Cigdem, Timurkutluk; Onbilgin, Sezer; Timurkutluk, Bora; Pamuk, IbrahimThe effects of pore formers added into the extrusion slurry of anode support microtubes on the mechanical and electrochemical performance of the microtubes are investigated in this study. For this purpose, several microtubular anode supports are fabricated by using various pore formers with different particle sizes. The effect of pore former content is also taken into consideration for a certain pore former type. The flexural strengths of the anode support microtubes are measured via three point bending tests and reliability analysis is performed. The porosities of the anode supports are also determined along with microstructural investigations. The results reveal that the flexural strength decreases with increasing the particle size of the pore former employed for a fixed pore former content and with increasing the pore former content for a certain pore former material considered. In addition, a number microtubular cells are fabricated based on the various microtubular anode supports and their electrochemical performances are evaluated via performance and impedance tests. The impedance results indicate that the cell performance is mainly restricted by the diffusion polarization. Among the pore former materials considered in this study, the highest cell performance for a certain pore former content of 20 vol% is measured from the cell prepared with graphite (325 mesh) pore former at all temperatures and hydrogen flowrates studied. The optimization studies display that the cell performance can be further improved by increasing the pore former content to 22.5 vol% for this pore former material.(c) 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of tape thickness on the fabrication and performance of microtubular solid oxide fuel cells manufactured by tape casting(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Altan, Tolga; Onbilgin, Sezer; Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Timurkutluk, BoraThe role of tape thickness in the fabrication of microtubular anode supports for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) by tape casting and isostatic pressing is investigated in this study. The anode support slurry of the same formulation is tape cast by varying the doctor blade gap (DBG) from 100 mu m to 700 mu m and the obtained tapes are wrapped at different lengths on a metal pin of 5 mm in diameter, while the appropriate tape length for each DBG is decided by considering anode support microtubes with a similar geometry for a reasonable comparison. The analyses reveal that the microstructure of the anode support microtube varies depending on DBG and in general delamination and crack formations occur in the supports at high DBGs. The resultant porosity and pore/grain sizes are also found to be different depending on DBG. Therefore, the supports and the cells with these supports show different mechanical and electrochemical performances. In this regard, DBG of 300 mu m provides microtubular anode supports without any microstructural problems. The microtubular cell built on this support also exhibits the highest peak performance of 0.313 Wcm(-2) at an operating temperature of 800 degrees C under 300 sccm hydrogen flow and open cathode condition.Öğe Experimental investigation on the effect of anode functional layer on the performance of anode supported micro-tubular SOFCs(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Bilgil, Keremhan; Celen, Ali; Onbilgin, Sezer; Altan, Tolga; Aydin, UgurIn this study, anode supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are fabricated by extrusion method and the effects of powder size, thickness and sintering temperature of the anode functional layer (AFL) on the electrochemical performance is experimentally investigated. For this purpose, four different commercial NiO powders are tested as initial powder for the fabrication of the anode functional layer. The thickness of AFL is also considered by varying the number of coatings. After deciding the optimum initial NiO powder size used in AFL and AFL thickness, the effect of pre-sintering temperature is examined. The performance tests are performed at an operating temperature of 800 degrees C under hydrogen and air. The microstructures of the samples are also investigated by a scanning electron microscope. The best peak power density is obtained as similar to 0.5 W/cm(2) from the cell having a single layer anode functional layer pre-sintered at 1250 degrees C prepared by NiO powders with 4 m(2)/g surface area. (C) 2021 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Fabrication and optimization of LSM infiltrated cathode electrode for anode supported microtubular solid oxide fuel cells(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Yildirim, Fuat; Toruntay, Furkan; Onbilgin, Sezer; Yagiz, Mikail; Timurkutluk, BoraIn this study, anode supported microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with LSM (lanthanum strontium manganite) catalyst infiltrated LSM-YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia) cathodes are developed to increase the density of triple/three phase boundaries (TPBs) in the cathode, thereby to improve the cell performance. For this purpose, two different porous YSZ layers are formed on the dense YSZ electrolyte, i.e., one is with co-sintering while the other one is not. Incorporation of LSM into these porous YSZ layers is achieved via dip coating of a sol-gel based infiltration solution. The effects of the fabrication method for porous YSZ, LSM solution dwelling time and the thickness of the porous YSZ layer on the cell performance are experimentally investigated and optimized in the given order. A reference cell having a conventional dip coated cathode prepared by mixing the commercial LSM and YSZ powders is also fabricated for comparison. The results show that among the cases considered, the highest peak power density of 0.828 W/cm(2) can be obtained from the cell, whose single dip coated porous electrolyte layer co-sintered with the dense electrolyte is impregnated with LSM for a dwelling time of 45 min. On the other hand, the peak power density of the reference cell is measured as only 0.558 W/cm(2). These results reveal that similar to 50% increase in the maximum cell performance compared to that of the reference cell can be achieved by LSM infiltration after the optimizations. (c) 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Improving the electrochemical performance of solid oxide fuel cells by surface patterning of the electrolyte(Elsevier, 2021) Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Altan, Tolga; Yildirim, Fuat; Onbilgin, Sezer; Yagiz, Mikail; Timurkutluk, BoraThe effect of electrolyte surface patterning on the cell performance is investigated. The patterning process is accomplished by isostatically pressing the electrolyte together with a metal mesh placed on one surface of the electrolyte. In this respect, various electrolyte supports with different surface patterns are fabricated by altering the lamination conditions. Surface analyzes reveal that it is possible to modify the electrolyte surface with consistent patterns by the method suggested and some patterns are also formed on the untreated surface of the electrolyte. Electrolyte supported cells are also built on the patterned electrolyte and tested. Among the cases studied, the highest peak performance of 0.44 Wcm (-2) at 800 degrees C is reached from the cell with an electrolyte support subjected to isostatic pressing with a mesh under 50 MPa pressure and 70 degrees C temperature for 4 min after uniaxially pressing under 20 MPa for 4 min. This electrolyte also shows the lowest average roughness and average depth of the patterns formed. The reference cell with a flat electrolyte, on the other hand, provides 0.32 Wcm(-2) peak power density under the same testing conditions, indicating similar to 38% performance enhancement with the simple method recommended. Impedance measurements are also taken and discussed.Öğe Investigation of external compression in scaling up of planar solid oxide fuel cells(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Onbilgin, Sezer; Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Timurkutluk, Bora; Celik, SelahattinThe effect of contact pressure on the performance of electrolyte supported planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are experimentally investigated in this study by varying the pressure applied on the push rod. For this purpose, cells with 1 cm(2), 9 cm(2), 16 cm(2), 81 cm(2) and 150 cm(2) active areas are manufactured and tested under different external compression pressures. Maximum power densities of 0.486 W/cm(2), 0.308 W/cm(2) and 0.231 W/cm(2) are obtained from the cells with an active area of 1 cm(2), 9 cm(2) and 16 cm(2), respectively, under the same contact pressure. When the impedance results are considered, it is seen that under the same compression pressure, the cell resistance increases nonlinearly with the cell size. However, when the pressure is adjusted according to the active area, a similar power density of approximately 0.4 W/cm(2) is obtained from these three cells. Moreover, very similar performances are measured from all cells when a portion of cells with 1 cm(2) active is cut and tested under the same contact pressure of 0.2 MPa. The overall results indicate that the external load should be adjusted according to the cell size, but there is no linear relationship between the active area and the applied external pressure. (C) 2021 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Manufacturability of bolt-microtubular anode supports for solid oxide fuel cells(Elsevier, 2024) Timurkutluk, Bora; Onbilgin, Sezer; Altan, Tolga; Timurkutluk, CigdemThe effects of anode support tape length on the manufacturability and level of surface patterning in bolt-microtubular anode supports (BMASs) for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are investigated in this study. Continuous anode support tapes of similar to 5-25 cm are wrapped on a threaded rod for this purpose and five-layered boltmicrotubular cells (BMCs) are manufactured on these supports. Similarly, microtubular anode supports (MASs) by using a pin and corresponding microtubular cells (MCs) are also fabricated and examined for comparison. The tape lengths <= 9.9 cm yield mechanically unstable BMASs or BMSs due to fractures that occur during sintering in the anode supports or during testing in the cells. The electrochemical performance tests show that all BMCs exhibit relatively higher performances compared to those of MCs for a certain tape length. The highest maximum power density of 0.479 Wcm(-2) at 800 degrees C operating temperature is obtained from BMC prepared with 12 cm long anode support tape, whereas that of MC fabricated with the same anode support length is measured as 0.313 Wcm(-2) under the same testing conditions. The impedance measurements reveal that the improvement in the cell performances is due to reduced electrode polarization resistance achieved by the bolt-like microtube design.Öğe Mesh patterned electrolyte supports for high-performance solid oxide fuel cells(Wiley, 2022) Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Altan, Tolga; Onbilgin, Sezer; Yildirim, Fuat; Yagiz, Mikail; Timurkutluk, BoraIn this study, the surface of solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte is decorated with different patterns by mesh pressing to improve the cell performance by increasing the surface area of electrolyte-electrode interfaces. Six various woven and unwoven metal meshes with different mesh gaps are considered in this respect. The patterned electrolyte surfaces are scanned by a profilometer to obtain the surface properties created by each mesh. Electrolyte supported cells are fabricated and tested to investigate the effects of electrolyte surface patterning on the cell performance. A cell with a flat electrolyte support is also manufactured and tested as a reference case. Impedance analyses are performed for a detailed examination beside microstructural observations via a scanning electron microscope. Under the same lamination conditions, woven meshes provide surface patterns with relatively higher average roughness values. Among the cases studied, the cell treated with a woven mesh having 0.57-mm wire diameter and 2-mm mesh gap on a side exhibits the highest maximum performance of 0.626 W cm(-2) at 800 degrees C, whereas that of the reference cell is only 0.320 W cm(-2), indicating that the performance of the reference cell can be almost doubled by the simple method suggested in this study. The impedance results show that the improvement in the cell performances is due to reduced electrode polarizations and ohmic resistance via mesh pressing, resulted from increased surface area of electrode-electrolyte interfaces and partially reduced electrolyte thickness as confirmed by microstructural observations, respectively.Öğe Microtubular solid oxide fuel cells decorated with gadolinium doped ceria nanoparticles(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Hatipogullari, Ahmet; Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Onbilgin, Sezer; Timurkutluk, BoraA simple and feasible method is proposed in this study for the infiltration of gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) into both anode and cathode electrodes of microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) to improve the cell performance. Some crucial infiltration parameters are also systematically optimized according to electrochemical and microstructural investigations along with short-term lifetime tests. The results reveal that the cell performance can be significantly enhanced with nanoparticle GDC decoration. While the reference cell provides only 252.7 mW/cm(2 )peak power density under hydrogen fuel at 800 degree celsius, the infiltrated cell with the optimized parameters shows 523.0 mW/cm(2) maximum power density under the same testing conditions. The noteworthy improvement in the cell performance is found to be as a result of reduced electrode resistances due to increased number of active electrochemical reaction sites resulting from high surface area of nano GDC particles infiltrated as well as GDC being mixed conductor with high ionic conductivity.Öğe Novel concept of bolt-microtubular geometry for solid oxide fuel cells(Elsevier, 2023) Altan, Tolga; Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Onbilgin, Sezer; Timurkutluk, BoraThis study introduces a proof of concept for a novel solid oxide fuel cell geometry called bolt-microtubular. Bolt-microtubular anode supports are formed by winding tape cast anode support strip on a threaded rod followed by isostatic pressing. Bolt-microtubular cells are built by dip coating other cell layers on these supports. Conventional microtubular anode supports and cells are also fabricated similarly for comparison and, microstructural, mechanical and electrochemical investigations are carried out. Different anode current collection strategies are also examined. The results indicate that with the proposed methods thread patterns can be successfully created on the anode supports and bolt-microtubular anode supports without any structural damages can be obtained after sintering. Although three point bending tests show similar to 27% decrease in the fracture strength of the anode supports with bolt-microtubular design for the wall thickness studied, bolt-microtubular cells outperform microtubular ones due to enhanced electrolyte-electrode interfaces and effective current collection. The highest peak electrochemical performance of 0.293 Wcm(-2) at 800 degrees C is obtained from the bolt-microtubular cell with external current collection, whereas the maximum power density of classical microtubular cell under the same operating conditions is 0.227 Wcm(-2). The overall results reveal that bolt-microtubular design is promising and deserves further investigations.Öğe Novel structured anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells with porous GDC interlayers(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Timurkutluk, Bora; Dokuyucu, Semiha; Onbilgin, SezerIn this study, the effects of porous GDC interlayer(s) addition into NiO-YSZ anode functional layer on the performance of anode supported solid oxide fuel cells are experimentally studied. The number and porosity of GDC interlayer(s) are also considered in the study. For this purpose, firstly three different NiO-YSZ anode supported cells having various NiO-YSZ anode functional thicknesses are fabricated by tape casting and screen printing methods as base cases. Other cells are also fabricated similarly by adding 1-3 GDC interlayer(s) having different porosities into anode functional layer, keeping the total anode functional layer thickness as the same. The porosity of the interlayer is controlled by changing the pore former content in the tape casting solution of GDC interlayer from 5 wt % to 20 wt%. Thus, fifteen anode supported cells in total are fabricated and tested. All cells have 16 cm(2) active area and are characterized by performance and impedance tests as well as microstructural analyses. The results reveal that it is possible to improve the cell performance by GDC interlayer addition. The base cell prepared with three NiO-YSZ anode functional layers provides only 0.283 Wcm(-2) peak power density at 800 degrees C, while the modified cell, where NiO-YSZ layer in the middle is substituted by a GDC interlayer prepared with 15 wt % pore former, exhibits 0.582 Wcm(-2) maximum power density at the same operating conditions. Furthermore, the cell performance is found to decrease with increasing the number of GDC interlayer, while it is shown to increase with the pore former content up to 15 wt %. The variations in the cell performance are due to changes in the ohmic, charge transfer and diffusion resistances as confirmed by impedance analyses as a result of resultant anode functional layer microstructure depending on the cell design observed by scanning electron microscope.Öğe Three-dimensional numerical simulation and experimental validation on ammonia and hydrogen fueled micro tubular solid oxide fuel cell performance(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Asmare, Molla; Ilbas, Mustafa; Cimen, Fethi Mustafa; Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Onbilgin, SezerThe main aim of this research is to investigate the performance of ammonia-powered microtubular solid oxide fuel cells in order to use ammonia as a possible candidate for eco-friendly and sustainable power generation systems. The performance of a direct ammonia-powered cell has been elucidated and validated with the experimental results of pure hydrogen gas at Nigde Omer Halisdemir University Prof. T. Nejat Veziroglu Clean Energy Research Center. For both studies, the cathode electrode is supplied with atmospheric air. The performance of anode, electrolyte, and cathode-supported microtubular solid oxide fuel cells has been compared numerically. The findings confirmed that the peak possible power densities obtained numerically using direct ammonia, hydrogen and experimentally using pure hydrogen gas are is 628.92 mW/cm(2), 622.29 mW/cm(2)' and, 589.28 mW/cm(2) respectively at the same geometrical dimensions, component materials, and operating parameters. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate that simultaneous experimental and numerical studies make a great contribution to minimizing biases due to literature data during model validation. The numerical simulation also indicates that the performance of cathode supported is superior to that of anode supported cells run with hydrogen and ammonia fuel. Likewise, parametric sweep analysis asserts that the working temperature has a greater effect than operating pressure on tubular cell performance. Therefore, the results of this study advise that ammonia will become a carbon-free alter- native fuel for solid oxide fuel cells in the coming years. (C) 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
