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    6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase fuels multiple aspects of cancer cells: From cancer initiation to metastasis and chemoresistance
    (Wiley, 2020) Sarfraz, Iqra; Rasul, Azhar; Hussain, Ghulam; Shah, Muhammad Ajmal; Zahoor, Ameer Fawad; Asrar, Muhammad; Selamoglu, Zeliha
    Reprogrammed metabolism is key biochemical characteristic of malignant cells, which represents one of the emerging hallmarks of cancer. Currently, there is rising contemplation on oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzymes as potential therapeutic hits due to their affiliation with tumor metabolism. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), third oxidative decarboxylase of PPP, has received a great deal of attention during recent years due to its critical role in tumorigenesis and redox homeostasis. 6PGD has been reported to overexpress in number of cancer types and its hyperactivation is mediated through post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications by YTH domain family 2 (YTHDF2), Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and via direct structural interactions with ME1 (malic enzyme 1). Upregulated expression of 6PGD provides metabolic as well as defensive advantage to cancer cells, thus, promoting their proliferative and metastatic potential. Moreover, enhanced 6PGD expression also performs key role in development of chemoresistance as well as radiation resistance in cancer. This review aims to discuss the historical timeline and cancer-specific role of 6PGD, pharmacological and genetic inhibitors of 6PGD and 6PGD as prognostic biomarker in order to explore its potential for therapeutic interventions. We anticipate that targeting this imperative supplier of NADPH might serve as tempting avenue to combat the deadly disease like cancer.
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    A Review on Phyto-pharmacology of Oxalis corniculata
    (Bentham Science Publ Ltd, 2022) Sarfraz, Iqra; Rasul, Azhar; Hussain, Ghulam; Shah, Muhammad Ajmal; Nageen, Bushra; Jabeen, Farhat; Selamoglu, Zeliha
    Oxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae) is a small decumbent and delicate appearing medicinal herb flourishing in warm temperate and tropical domains such as Pakistan and India. Main bioactive chemical constituents of Oxalis plant include several alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and phlobatannins, along with steroids. Due to its polyphenolic, glycosides and flavonoid profile, it is proved to be protective in numerous ailments and exhibit various biological activities such as anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, and cardioprotective. Moreover, bioactive phytochemicals from this plant possess significant wound healing potential. Our current effort intends to emphasize on the immense significance of this plant species, which have not been the subject matter of clinical trials and effective pharmacological studies, even though its favored usage has been stated. This review proposes that Oxalis corniculata possess a potential for the cure of various diseases. However, further researches on isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds along with pre-clinical trials are compulsory to figure out its pharmacological applications.
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    A STUDY ON THE ANALYSIS OF SALT RATIOS IN THE CHEDDAR CHEESE COAGULATED WITH CITRUS RETICULATA BLANCO CRUDE FLOWERS EXTRACTS AND DISCUSSION OF OPTIMAL SALT RATIOS IN HUMAN HEALTH
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2021) Ozdemir, Betul; Khan, Usman Mir; Selamoglu, Zeliha
    There is strong evidence that a high salt intake increases blood pressure and thereby increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and kidney diseases. This study aimed to investigate the salt ratio in the Cheddar cheese which coagulated with Citrus relic-Wahl Blanco crude flowers extracts (CFE) at four different concentrations (1, 2, 3 and 4%, v/v). Flowers of Citrus aurantitun were collected during blossom from Sargodha District nurseries. Buffalo milk was used for preparation of Cheddar cheese. A control sample (TO) was coagulated with 0.002% rennet (Rennet strength is 20 International Milk-Clotting Units, IMCU/mL) at 33 degrees C for 45 minutes and it was obtained from Danisco Dairy Cultures (Paris, France) while the other four samples were coagulated using Citrus reticulata Blanco CFE at different concentrations of 1% (Ti). 2% (T2), 3% (T3) and 4% (T4) (v/v) at 33 degrees C for 45 minutes. In addition to, all of the Cheddar cheese samples were storage during 9 weeks. The data of statistical analysis showed significant differences (P = 0.0001) among different concentration of CFE for salt amounts of the Cheddar cheese. The cheese prepared with using 3% CFE have highest salt ratio. TO and Ti have similar salt ratios and less than T2 and T3. And also. T4 have lowest salt ratio among cheese samples. In this study, we determined the ratio of salt value in the Cheddar cheese, which was fermented with citrum flower according to the rennet. In the future this study can be a guide for reducing salt using in the cheese as healthy diet.
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    Absolute Quantification of Plasma Apolipoproteins for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction
    (Humana Press Inc, 2020) Ozdemir, Betul; Selamoglu, Zeliha; Braidy, Nady
    Apolipoproteins have important structural and functional roles in several lipoprotein particles. Apolipoproteins regulate lipid metabolism, adipose tissue, and energy production and serve major regulatory roles in both pre- and pro-atherosclerotic mechanisms. They are also involved in protective mechanisms against atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, accurate quantification of apolipoproteins may serve as a crucial biomarker for cardiovascular diseases. However, most apolipoproteins cannot be detected using standard clinical immunoassays, and multiplexing is not available for some species of apolipoproteins. Herein, we describe a highly robust and quantitative method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to quantify apolipoproteins in plasma. This methodology may add clinical value for profiling cardiovascular risk in vulnerable individuals and enable monitoring of apolipoprotein levels in plasma following intervention strategies.
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    Achillea spp.: A comprehensive review on its ethnobotany, phytochemistry, phytopharmacology and industrial applications
    (C M B Assoc, 2020) Salehi, Bahare; Selamoglu, Zeliha; Sevindik, Mustafa; Fahmy, Nouran M.; Al-Sayed, Eman; El-Shazly, Mohamed; Csupor-Loffler, Boglarka
    The genus Achillea genus houses more than 100 species, a number of them are popularly used in traditional medicine for spasmodic gastrointestinal, gynecological and hepatobiliary disorders, hemorrhages, pneumonia, rheumatic pain, inflammation, wounds healing etc. Members of the genus contain a wide variety of volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites, including terpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids and others. Multiple studies have assessed the biological effects and other aspects of Achillea spp. In a number of preclinical studies, Achillea plants and their essential oils have demonstrated promising antibacterial properties against a number of human and plant pathogens. Besides, the plants have displayed strong antioxidative and potent anti-proliferative and anticancer proper-ties in various cellular and animal models. Achillea plants have widely been used as food preservative in food industry. Clinical studies have indicated its potential against multiple sclerosis (MS), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcerative colitis, episiotomy wound, primary dysmenorrhea, oral mucositis etc. The present work focuses to provide a brief overview on folk knowledge, phytochemistry, biological activity and applications of Achillea plants. There is a close relationship between the traditional ethnobotanical usage and pharmacological and clinical data from different Achillea spp. The application of Achillea plants and their extracts seems to be a promising alternative for antimicrobial and antioxidant purposes in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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    Antioxidant and Antigenotoxic Potential of Infundibulicybe geotropa Mushroom Collected from Northwestern Turkey
    (Hindawi Ltd, 2020) Sevindik, Mustafa; Akgul, Hasan; Selamoglu, Zeliha; Braidy, Nady
    Infundibulicybe geotropa (Bull.) Harmaja is an edible mushroom found in Bolu province in northwestern Turkey. The chemical composition and bioactivity of these mushrooms has not been previously investigated. We examined the phenolic composition, elemental content, and antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of methanol extracts of fruiting bodies. The phenolic compounds in the fungal samples were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and element content was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using the commercially available Rel assay kit. The antigenotoxic effects of the extract were determined using the MTT assay to assess cell viability and the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay). The total phenolic content (ppm) of I. geotropa was found to be catechin (361 +/- 2.31), clorogenic acid (553.54 +/- 5.06), and coumaric acid (9.93 +/- 0.25). The TAS, TOS, and OSI of the extract were 1.854 +/- 0.051 mmol/L, 30.385 +/- 0.399 mu mol/L, and 1.639 +/- 0.067, respectively. The elemental levels were within normal range. In HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells, the extract (100 and 200 mu g/ml) showed no genotoxic potential and ameliorated hydrogen peroxide- (H2O2-) induced oxidative DNA damage. I. geotropa may be considered a good nutrient due to its phenolic constituents and antioxidant potential.
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    Antioxidant, antimicrobial and DNA protection activities of phenolic content of Tricholoma virgatum (Fr.) P.Kumm.
    (Biointerface Research Applied Chemistry, 2020) Selamoglu, Zeliha; Sevindik, Mustafa; Bal, Celal; Ozaltun, Betul; Sen, Ismail; Pasdaran, Ardalan
    Tricholoma is one of the famous genera of Basidiomycota division. Although some species of this genus have been used as culinary mushrooms, very negligible investigations have been conducted on Tricholoma genus phenolic contents and their biological activities. In the present study, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and DNA protection properties of total phenolic contents of Tricholoma virgatum (Fr.) P. Kumm. (54% methanolic extract) were assessed. T. virgatum phenolic content was determined by an analytic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method based on compression with standard phenolic compounds including gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and coumaric acid. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) values were determined using Rel Assay kits. For DNA protective potential assay, pBR322 supercoiled DNA method was used. The antimicrobial activity assay was done based on the agar dilution method on six different microorganisms include Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis. The total phenolic contents of this mushroom lied within range of 2.02-56.85 ppm based on coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid as standards. TAS, TOS, and OSI values were determined as 3.754 +/- 0.088 mmol/L, 8.362 +/- 0.085 mu mol/L, and 0.223 +/- 0.007, respectively. T. virgatum methanol extract could exhibit a protective effect on DNA against the hydroxyl radical at 100 mu g/mL concentration. Although T. virgatum is not recommended as an edible mushroom, according to our results, this mushroom could be considered as valuable source for phenolic compounds with significant antioxidant/antimicrobial effects.
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    Antioxidant, antimicrobial and neuroprotective effects of Octaviania asterosperma in vitro
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Sevindik, Mustafa; Akgul, Hasan; Selamoglu, Zeliha; Braidy, Nady
    Octaviania asterosperma (hypogeous Basidiomycota) We investigated the phenolic composition, and antioxidant, antimicrobial and antigenotoxic effects of methanol extracts of fruiting bodies from Octaviania asterosperma. The total phenolic content (ppm) of O. asterosperma was found to be catechin (54.73 +/- 4.68), epicatechin (123.90 +/- 8.52), caffeic acid (4.23 +/- 0.97), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (37.72 +/- 3.84), cinnamic acid (58.07 +/- 5.40), gallic acid (56.64 +/- 6.39), clorogenic acid (80.76 +/- 4.92) and coumaric acid (2.45 +/- 0.15). The total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were 3.410 +/- 0.099 mmol/L, 7.548 +/- 0.147 mu mol/L and 0.221 +/- 0.005 respectively. O. asterosperma showed some promising antimicrobial activity. The extract showed no genotoxic potential and attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative DNA damage in neurons. Pre-treatment with O. asterosperma maintained mitochondrial function, reduced expression levels of cleaved-caspase-3 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) when HT22 cells were exposed to pathophysiological concentrations of GLU (25 mM) and modulated protein kinase B (Akt), the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the phosphotase and tensin homolog on chromosome ten (PTEN). O. asterosperma is an important food for the treatment or management of neurodegenerative disorders due to its phenolic content and potent antioxidant and anti-excitotoxic effects.
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    Berberis Plants-Drifting from Farm to Food Applications, Phytotherapy, and Phytopharmacology
    (Mdpi, 2019) Salehi, Bahare; Selamoglu, Zeliha; Sener, Bilge; Kilic, Mehtap; Jugran, Arun Kumar; de Tommasi, Nunziatina; Sinisgalli, Chiara
    The genus Berberis includes about 500 different species and commonly grown in Europe, the United States, South Asia, and some northern areas of Iran and Pakistan. Leaves and fruits can be prepared as food flavorings, juices, and teas. Phytochemical analysis of these species has reported alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds and oleanolic acid, among others. Moreover, p-cymene, limonene and ocimene as major compounds in essential oils were found by gas chromatography. Berberis is an important group of the plants having enormous potential in the food and pharmaceutical industry, since they possess several properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer activities. Here we would like to review the biological properties of the phytoconstituents of this genus. We emphasize the cultivation control in order to obtain the main bioactive compounds, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in order to apply them for food preservation and for treating several diseases, such as cancer, diabetes or Alzheimer. However, further study is needed to confirm the biological efficacy as well as, the toxicity.
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    Biochemical changes induced by grape seed extract and low level laser therapy administration during intraoral wound healing in rat liver: an experimental and in silico study
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2018) Erdemli, Mehmet Erman; Salmas, Ramin Ekhteiari; Durdagi, Serdar; Akgul, Hasan; Demirkol, Mehmet; Aksungur, Zeynep; Selamoglu, Zeliha
    In the present study, the changes that occur in rat liver tissue as a result of the use of grape seed extract (GSE) and low level laser therapy (LLLT) in intraoral wound (IW) healing are analyzed using biochemical parameters. Diode laser application groups received 8J/cm(2) dose LLLT once a day for 4days (810nm wavelength, continuous mode, 0.25W, 9s). As a result of the biological parameter analysis, it was determined that the oxidative damage caused by the IWs and recovery period on 7th and 14th days could be substantially removed with GSE applications that have antioxidant capacity especially in rat liver tissue. In addition, the active compound of grape seed, catechin is studied in the active site of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) target using molecular modeling approaches. Post-processing molecular dynamics (MD) results for catechin is compared with a standard GSK3 inhibitor. MD simulations assisted for better understanding of inhibition mechanism and the crucial amino acids contributing in the ligand binding. These results along with a through free energy analysis of ligands using sophisticated simulations methods are quite striking and it suggests a greater future role for simulation in deciphering complex patterns of molecular mechanism in combination with methods for understanding drug-receptor interactions.
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    Biological Activities of Wild Poisonous Mushroom Entoloma sinuatum (Bull.) P. Kumm (Boletales)
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2022) Bal, Celal; Baba, Hayri; Akata, Ilgaz; Sevindik, Mustafa; Selamoglu, Zeliha; Akgul, Hasan
    In many studies conducted in recent years, it has been found that the beneficial natural ingredients found in mushrooms are very important in curing various diseases and eliminating disease factors. It has been reported that fungi that spread in different countries have biological activities. In this study, antioxidant level (TAS). oxidant level (TOS), and antibacterial and antifungalactivity of Entoloma sinuatum (Bull.) P. Kumm were determined. Ethanol extract of the mushroom was extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus. Antioxidant and oxidant levels were determined using Rel Assay TAS and TOS kits. Also. antimicrobial activity was tested against bacteria l and fungal strains using the agar dilution method. As a result of the studies. the TAS value of the mushroom was determined 2.64 +/- 0.15. the TOS value vas 6.58 +/- 0.23, and the OSI (Oxidative stress index) value was 0.25 +/- 0.02. In addition, it was determined that the ethanol extract of the mushroom was effective against bacteria at 200 and 400 mu g/mL, and against fungi at 50 mu g/mL concentrations. As a result, it was determined that E. sinuatum is a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.
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    DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL, DNA PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY AND HEAVY METALS CONTENT OF LAETIPORUS SULPHUREUS
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Sevindik, Mustafa; Akgul, Hasan; Dogan, Muhittin; Akata, Ilgaz; Selamoglu, Zeliha
    Since ancient times, people consumed mushrooms as nutrients, especially during the rainy season. The present study aimed to determine the therapeutic potential of an edible mushroom, Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill. Thus, its antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH method and antimicrobial activity was determined with modified agar dilution method. TAS (total antioxidant status), TOS (total oxidant status) and OSI (oxidative stress index) values were determined using Rel Assay kits. PBR 322 supercoiled DNA was used to identify the DNA protective activity. Heavy metal content was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the wet decomposition method. In conclusion, it was determined that L. sulphureus demonstrated high biological activity and it was considered that the mushroom can be used as a natural resource in alternative medicine.
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    Determination of some biochemical parameters of worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) belonging to different age groups
    (TUBITAK SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY, 2015) Akyol, Ethem; Selamoglu, Zeliha; Gulhan, Mehmet Fuat
    The catalase activity, total protein, and total RNA levels of worker bees of different age groups (4, 9, 15, 20, and 24 days old) within the same honeybee colony were studied. The catalase activities of group I (4 days), group II (9 days old), group III (15 days old), group IV (20 days old), and group V (24 days old) were 4.10 +/- 0.59, 4.32 +/- 0.57, 4.32 +/- 0.57, 4.41 +/- 0.49, and 4.47 +/- 0.48 kU/g, respectively. There were significant differences in total protein and total RNA levels among the different age groups of workers. The calculated total protein levels of group I, group II, group III, group IV, and group V were 22.28 +/- 0.77, 21.53 +/- 0.59, 20.95 +/- 1.05, 18.73 +/- 0.93, and 18.24 +/- 1.83 g/dL, respectively. The total RNA levels of group I, group II, group III, group IV, and group V were 22.42 +/- 0.16, 21.26 +/- 0.12, 19.30 +/- 0.08, 16.22 +/- 0.08, and 11.37 +/- 0.07 mu g/mu L, respectively. The results show that there was no significant difference among the average values of all age groups in catalase activity (P > 0.05), but significant differences were calculated among the total protein values of all age groups (P < 0.05).
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    DETERMINATION OF THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF MENTHA LONGIFOLIA SSP LONGIFOLIA
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Sevindik, Mustafa; Akgul, Hasan; Pehlivan, Mustafa; Selamoglu, Zeliha
    The present study aimed to determine antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and oxidative stress properties of the ethanol extracts of Mentha longifolia L. Hudson subsp. longifolia. Antioxidant activity was determined with the DPPH method. Antimicrobial activity was tested on six different microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis) using modified agar dilution method. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using Rel Assay kits. It was observed that DPPH and antimicrobial potentials of plant samples varied based on the locations they were collected. As a result, it was considered that plant samples could be used as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial resources, but suitable regions for OSI values should be selected.
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    Determination of therapeutic potential of mentha longifolia ssp. Longifolia
    (Parlar Scientific Publications, 2017) Sevindik, Mustafa; Akgul, Hasan; Pehlivan, Mustafa; Selamoglu, Zeliha
    The present study aimed to determine antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and oxidative stress properties of the ethanol extracts of Mentha longifolia L. Hudson subsp. longifolia. Antioxidant activity was determined with the DPPH method. Antimicrobial activity was tested on six different microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis) using modified agar dilution method. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using Rel Assay kits. It was observed that DPPH and antimicrobial potentials of plant samples varied based on the locations they were collected. As a result, it was considered that plant samples could be used as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial resources, but suitable regions for OSI values should be selected. © by PSP.
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    DETERMINING THE TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT STATUS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS INDEXES OF HONEY SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS IN TURKEY
    (PARLAR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS (P S P), 2015) Akyol, Ethem; Selamoglu, Zeliha; Dogan, Hamide; Akgul, Hasan; Unalan, Adnan
    This study aimed to determine the total antioxidant and oxidant status and oxidative stress index of honey samples which were collected from 11 different phytogeographical regions in Turkey. Honey samples were kept at 4 degrees C until analysis. Total antioxidant status, total oxidant status and oxidative stress indexes were defined with in vitro analyses in extracted honey samples, and then, the obtained data were compared statistically. These characteristics of honey were analysed by the most sensitive and reliable measurement kits developed newly. In addition, biological activities of honey samples originating from different regions were also compared. As a result of the study, the highest total antioxidant capacity was observed (P<0.01) in the honey samples obtained from Duzce and Mugla regions. The results also showed that total antioxidant capacities of honey samples could change according to various phytogegraphic properties of different regions in Turkey. Besides, antioxidant properties of honey depended on phenolic compounds that could change according to plant vegetation of honey obtained from different regions.
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    Determining the total antioxidant status and oxidative stress indexes of honey samples obtained from different phytogeographical regions in Turkey
    (Parlar Scientific Publications, 2015) Akyol, Ethem; Selamoglu, Zeliha; Dogan, Hamide; Akgul, Hasan; Unalan, Adnan
    This study aimed to determine the total antioxidant and oxidant status and oxidative stress index of honey samples which were collected from 11 different phytogeographical regions in Turkey. Honey samples were kept at 4 °C until analysis. Total antioxidant status, total oxidant status and oxidative stress indexes were defined with in vitro analyses in extracted honey samples, and then, the obtained data were compared statistically. These characteristics of honey were analysed by the most sensitive and reliable measurement kits developed newly. In addition, biological activities of honey samples originating from different regions were also compared. As a result of the study, the highest total antioxidant capacity was observed (PO.Ol) in the honey samples obtained from Duzce and Mugla regions. The results also showed that total antioxidant capacities of honey samples could change according to various phytoge- ographic properties of different regions in Turkey. Besides, antioxidant properties of honey depended on phenolic compounds that could change according to plant vegetation of honey obtained from different regions.
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    Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
    (De Gruyter Poland Sp Z O O, 2024) Bouhedda, Amina; Laouer, Hocine; Souilah, Nabila; Cakir, Cansel; Bouriah, Nacera; Abu-Elsaoud, Abdelghafar M.; Selamoglu, Zeliha
    Geraniaceae are typically used as diuretic, anti-diarrhoeal, stomachic, and anti-hemorrhagic drugs. This study examined the phytochemicals and bioactivities in methanolic extract (ME) and petroleum ether extract (PEE) of the Erodium trifolium aerial part. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to assess the mineral profiles, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) were used to assess the phenolic content of ME, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to assess the fatty acid and volatile composition of the PEEs. In addition, the bioactivities of extracts were evaluated by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assays, including enzyme inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase activities, and antibacterial properties. HPLC-MS identified eight compounds in ME: rutin, catechin, and caffeine were the major phenolic compounds detected. HPLC-DAD analysis showed that 11 compounds detected among epicatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid were predominant. GC-MS analysis revealed 30 fatty acids in PEE, with palmitic acid and oleic acid being predominant. The mineral content showed that Fe was the abundant microelement, and Ca and K were the abundant macroelements. The ME exhibited the highest activity compared to the PEE in all tests regarding antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Furthermore, all the extracts showed moderate inhibition against AChE, BChE, alpha-amylase, and alpha-glucosidase. In conclusion, E. trifolium may be employed to separate novel bioactive metabolites with potential pharmaceutical activities.
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    Effectiveness of Natural Antioxidants against SARS-CoV-2? Insights from the In-Silico World
    (Mdpi, 2021) Rehman, Muhammad Fayyaz ur; Akhter, Shahzaib; Batool, Aima Iram; Selamoglu, Zeliha; Sevindik, Mustafa; Eman, Rida; Mustaqeem, Muhammad
    The SARS CoV-2 pandemic has affected millions of people around the globe. Despite many efforts to find some effective medicines against SARS CoV-2, no established therapeutics are available yet. The use of phytochemicals as antiviral agents provides hope against the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2. Several natural compounds were analyzed by virtual screening against six SARS CoV-2 protein targets using molecular docking simulations in the present study. More than a hundred plant-derived secondary metabolites have been docked, including alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, and steroids. SARS CoV-2 protein targets include Main protease (M-Pro), Papain-like protease (PLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), Spike glycoprotein (S), Helicase (Nsp13), and E-Channel protein. Phytochemicals were evaluated by molecular docking, and MD simulations were performed using the YASARA structure using a modified genetic algorithm and AMBER03 force field. Binding energies and dissociation constants allowed the identification of potentially active compounds. Ligand-protein interactions provide an insight into the mechanism and potential of identified compounds. Glycyrrhizin and its metabolite 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid have shown a strong binding affinity for M-Pro, helicase, RdRp, spike, and E-channel proteins, while a flavonoid Baicalin also strongly binds against PLpro and RdRp. The use of identified phytochemicals may help to speed up the drug development and provide natural protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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    Effects of propolis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, and pollen on renal injury in hypertensive rat: An experimental and theoretical approach
    (Wiley, 2017) Salmas, Ramin Ekhteiari; Gulhan, Mehmet Fuat; Durdagi, Serdar; Sahna, Engin; Abdullah, Huda I.; Selamoglu, Zeliha
    The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of propolis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE; active compound in propolis), and pollen on biochemical oxidative stress biomarkers in rat kidney tissue inhibited by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). The biomarkers evaluated were paraoxonase (PON1), oxidative stress index (OSI), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B). TAS levels and PON1 activity were significantly decreased in kidney tissue samples in the L-NAME-treated group (P<0.05). The levels of TAS and PONI were higher in the L-NAME plus propolis, CAPE, and pollen groups compared with the L-NAME-treated group. TOS, ADMA, and NF-B levels were significantly increased in the kidney tissue samples of the L-NAME-treated group (P<0.05). However, these parameters were significantly lower in the L-NAME plus propolis, CAPE, and pollen groups (P<0.05) compared with rats administered L-NAME alone (P<0.05). Furthermore, the binding energy of CAPE within catalytic domain of glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme as well as its inhibitory mechanism was determined using molecular modeling approaches. In conclusion, experimental and theoretical data suggested that oxidative alterations occurring in the kidney tissue of chronic hypertensive rats may be prevented via active compound of propolis, CAPE administration.